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Title: Making%20America%20Grow%20and%20Divide


1
Industrialization and Segregation in America
  • Making America Grow and Divide

2
Science and Urban Life
  • Engineering innovations lay the foundation for
    modern American cities
  • Cities not only expand outward but upward
  • In 1870 only 25 cities in American had
    populations over 50,000
  • By 1890 there were 58
  • By the turn of the century 4 out of 10 Americans
    lived in cities because of their jobs

3
Skyscrapers
  • Architects could create taller buildings for 2
    reasons
  • Invention of the elevator
  • Development of internal steel skeletons to bear
    the weight of the building
  • Louis Sullivan
  • 1890-1891
  • Wainwright Building in St. Louis
  • 10 stories tall and graceful looking
  • Sullivan called it a proud and soaring thing

4
Louis Sullivan
5
Skyscrapers
  • Skyscraper became Americas greatest contribution
    to architecture
  • They solved the problem of how to make the best
    use of limited and expensive space
  • Daniel Burnham
  • Flatiron Building
  • Perfect for its location
  • Built in 1902 and stood 285 feet tall
  • Served as a symbol of a rich and optimistic
    society

6
Daniel Burnham
7
Electric Transit
  • Richmond, Virginia became the first city in
    America to electrify its urban transit
  • By the turn of the century, trolleys ran from the
    suburbs to the cities
  • New Railroad lines contributed to the growing
    number of commuters in New York
  • Some cities, like Chicago, built el trains
    while others, like New York City, built subways

8
Electric Transit in Richmond
9
Electric Transit Chicago NYC
10
Engineering Urban Planning
  • Steel-cable suspension bridges like the Brooklyn
    Bridge brought cities closer together
  • Need for open space in a crowded city inspired
    the science of urban planning
  • Sometimes provided recreational opportunities
  • City planners wanted to restore a measure of
    serenity to the environment by designing
    recreational areas

11
Engineering Urban Planning
  • Frederick Law Olmstead
  • Spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks
  • He along with Calvert Vaux, an English born
    architect designed Greensward which was
    selected to become Central Park in New York City
  • Park was envisioned to be a rustic haven in the
    center of a busy city

12
Engineering Urban Planning
  • Central Park features
  • boating and tennis facilities
  • A zoo
  • Bicycle paths
  • A fountain
  • Olmstead wanted the citys people to have a place
    where they could enjoy a natural setting

13
Olmstead and Vaux
14
Central Park
15
Central Park
16
City Planning
  • Chicago
  • Explosive growth between 1850 and 1870
  • Population went from 30,000 to 300,000
  • Was a nightmare of unregulated expansion
  • Daniel Burnham was given the job of recreating
    the city
  • He oversaw the transformation of a swampy are
    near Lake Michigan into a beautiful city

17
City Planning
  • Chicago
  • City hosted the Worlds Columbian Exposition in
    1893
  • Created grand exhibition halls
  • First Ferris wheel was shown there
  • Had a lagoon which greeted 21 million visitors
  • Elegant parks

18
Columbian Exposition
19
Columbian Exposition
20
Columbian Exposition
21
Columbian Exposition
22
New Technologies
  • Printing
  • By 1890 Literacy rate in the U.S. was close to
    90
  • Publishers turned out large numbers of books,
    magazines, and newspapers to meet the needs of
    the public
  • American mills produced a cheap paper made from
    wood pulp that could withstand the high speed
    presses
  • New presses allowed for printing on both sides of
    the paper and also cut, folded, and counted the
    pages as they came down the line
  • Made newspapers cheaper and magazines more
    affordable

23
High Speed Printing Press
24
New Technologies
  • Orville and Wilbur Wright
  • Bicycle manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio
  • Experimented with new engines to keep an airplane
    aloft
  • The first built a glider and then commissioned a
    4-cylinder engine to be built
  • They chose a propeller and designed a biplane
    with a 404 wingspan

25
New Technologies
  • Orville and Wilbur Wright
  • First successful flight December 17, 1903 in
    Kitty Hawk, NC
  • Wilbur Wright flew 120 ft. for 12 seconds
  • By 1905 they were flying 24 miles
  • By 1920 the federal government established its
    first transcontinental airmail service

26
Orville Wilbur Wright
27
The First Flight
28
The Airplane
29
The Airplane
30
New Technologies
  • Photography
  • Before 1880s professional activity
  • time required to take a picture
  • Weight of the equipment
  • Could not shoot a moving object
  • Had to be developed immediately because of the
    heavy glass platens

31
New Technologies
  • George Eastman
  • Developed a series of alternatives
  • Created flexible film coated with gelatin
    emulsions
  • Film could be sent to a studio for processing
  • Professional photographers slow to use
  • Aimed new product at the masses
  • 1888 introduced the Kodak camera with a
    100-picture roll of film for 25
  • Take pictures, send camera back to Eastman who
    would reload and then develop the pictures for
    10
  • Prompted millions to become amateur photographers
  • Camera helped create the field of photojournalism

32
Photography
A self portrait on experimental film
33
Photography
34
Public Education
  • Schools for children
  • 1865 1895
  • States passed laws requiring 12 to 16 weeks
    annually of schools attendance by students
    between ages 8 and 14
  • Emphasis on reading, writing, and arithmetic
  • Strict rules and physical punishment made
    students miserable
  • Children will begin to attend school earlier

35
Public Education
  • Schools for children
  • Kindergarten originally created outside of
    schools to offer childcare for employed mothers,
    became more popular
  • 1880 200 kindergartens
  • 1900 3,000 kindergartens
  • William Torrey Harris helped to establish
    kindergartens in public schools

36
Public Education
  • White vs. Black
  • More opportunities for whites
  • Children attending elementary school in 1880
  • Whites 62
  • Blacks 34
  • 1940s public education will become available to
    the majority of black children living in the
    South

37
Public Education
  • The Growth of High Schools
  • Economy demanded advanced technical and
    managerial skills
  • By 1900 more than a ½ million students attended
    high school
  • Expanded curriculum included science, civics, and
    social studies
  • Vocational courses prepared
  • Males for industrial jobs in drafting, carpentry,
    and mechanics
  • Females for office work

38
Industrial Workers
39
Office Workers
40
Public Education
Expanding Education/Increasing Literacy
Year Students Enrolled Literacy in English ( of Population age 10 and over)
1871 7.6 million 80
1880 9.9 million 83
1890 12.7 million 87
1900 15.5 million 89
1910 17.8 million 92
1920 21.6 Million 94
Sources Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 1921
Historical Statistics of the U.S.
41
Public Education
  • Racial Discrimination
  • African Americans were excluded from public
    secondary education
  • 1890 fewer than 1 of black teenagers attended
    high school
  • 2/3 of black students went to private schools
    with no governmental funding
  • 1910 3 of African Americans attended high
    school (ages 15 19)
  • Majority still attended private schools

42
Racial Discrimination
43
Public Education
  • Education for Immigrants
  • Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
  • Most children were sent to American public
    schools where they became Americanized
  • Some people resented the suppression of their
    native languages
  • Parochial schools were set up by Catholics
    because public schools were teaching them
    Protestant values
  • Adult immigrants attended night school to learn
    English and to qualify for American citizenship

44
Higher Education
  • Changes in Universities
  • 1880 1920
  • College enrollment quadrupled
  • Industrial development change the nations
    educational needs
  • More courses offered in modern languages, the
    physical sciences, psychology and sociology
  • Professional law and medical schools were
    established
  • Private colleges and universities began requiring
    entrance exams
  • High diploma needed to enter into college

45
Higher Education
  • Higher Education for African Americans
  • Post Civil War thousands of African Americans
    pursued higher education
  • Freedmens Bureau and other groups helped blacks
    to found Howard, Fisk, and Atlanta Universities
  • All opened between 1865 and 1868
  • Private donors could not support black
    institutions financially
  • By 1900 3,880 African Americans out of 9 million
    were in college or professional schools

46
Black Universities
47
Higher Education
  • Booker T. Washington
  • Prominent African American educator
  • Believed racism would en once blacks acquired
    useful labor schools and were able to prove their
    economic value
  • Graduated from Hampton Institute now Hampton
    University
  • 1881 headed Tuskegee Normal and Industrial
    Institute (now Tuskegee University)
  • Aim of Tuskegee was to equip African Americans
    with teaching diplomas and useful skills in
    agricultural, domestic, or mechanical work

48
Booker T. Washington
49
Higher Education
  • W.E. B. Du Bois
  • First African American to receive a doctorate
    from Harvard University in 1895
  • Disagreed with Washingtons approach
  • Founded the Niagara Movement in 1905
  • Insisted blacks should seek a liberal arts
    education so that the African American community
    would have well-educated leaders
  • Even with millions of people receiving the
    education they needed, racial discrimination
    still existed in America

50
W. E. B. Du Bois
51
Segregation Discrimination
  • New rights given to African Americans during
    Reconstruction led to hostile and violent
    opposition from whites
  • African Americans were often victims of laws
    restricting their civil rights
  • By 20th century Southern states had adopted a
    broad system of legal policies of racial
    discrimination and devised methods to weaken
    African-American political power

52
Voting Restrictions
  • All Southern states imposed new voting
    restrictions and denied legal equality to African
    Americans
  • Some states limited voting to those that could
    read and required literacy tests
  • Blacks trying to vote were given more difficult
    questions or given a test in a foreign language

53
Segregation Discrimination
  • New rights given to African Americans during
    Reconstruction led to hostile and violent
    opposition from whites
  • African Americans were often victims of laws
    restricting their civil rights
  • By 20th century Southern states had adopted a
    broad system of legal policies of racial
    discrimination and devised methods to weaken
    African-American political power

54
Voting Restrictions
  • Poll Tax
  • Had to be paid before qualifying to vote
  • Blacks and sharecroppers were often too poor to
    pay the tax
  • To help out the whites that could not pay the tax
    or failed the literacy test, officials instituted
    the grandfather clause
  • Even if you failed the literacy test or could not
    pay the poll tax, if your grandfather voted
    before January 1, 1867, then you could vote

55
Jim Crow Laws
  • Racial segregation laws passed to separate white
    and black people in public and private facilities
  • Named after a popular old minstrel song that
    ended in the words Jump, Jim Crow
  • Put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and
    transportation systems throughout the South

56
Jim Crow Laws
57
Jump Jim Crow
  • Come, listen, all you girls and boys, I'm just
    from Tuckahoe I'm going to sing a little song,
    My name's Jim Crow.
  • Chorus Wheel about, and turn about, and do just
    so    Every time I wheel about, I jump Jim Crow.
  • I went down to the river, I didn't mean to stay,
  • But there I saw so many girls, I couldn't get
    away.
  • I'm roaring on the fiddle, and down in old
    Virginia,
  • They say I play the scientific, like master
    Paganini,
  • I cut so many monkey shines, I dance the
    galoppade
  • And when I'm done, I rest my head, on shovel,
    hoe or spade.

58
Jump Jim Crow
  • I met Miss Dina Scrub one day, I give her such a
    buss kiss
  • And then she turn and slap my face, and make a
    mighty fuss.
  • The other gals are going to fight, I told them
    wait a bit
  • I'd have them all, just one by one, as I thought
    fit.
  • I whip the lion of the west, I eat the alligator
  • I put more water in my mouth, then boil ten
    loads of potatoes.
  • The way they bake the hoe cake corn bread
    cooked on open fire on metal implement such as a
    hoe, Virginia never tire
  • They put the dough upon the foot, and stick them
    in the fire.

59
Jump Jim Crow
60
Plessy v. Ferguson
  • 1896
  • Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities for
    blacks and whites are legal as long as they did
    not violate the Fourteenth Amendment
  • Established the separate but equal doctrine
  • Allowed states to maintain separate facilities
    for blacks and whites

61
Plessy v. Ferguson
62
Turn of the Century Race Relations
  • Racial etiquette became part of the relationship
    between blacks and whites
  • Most of the customs belittled and humiliated
    blacks
  • Blacks and whites could not shake hands
  • Blacks had to yield to white on the sidewalk
  • Black men had to remove their hats for whites

63
Violence
  • If blacks did not follow racial etiquette they
    could face severe punishment
  • Most if accused of violating the etiquette were
    lynched
  • 1882 - 1892 1,400 men and were shot, burned, or
    hanged without a trial
  • Still continued into the 20th century
  • Last lynching took place in 1968

64
Discrimination in the North
  • By 1900 many blacks had moved North in search of
    better paying jobs and social equality
  • In the North, blacks were forced into segregated
    neighborhoods
  • Faced discrimination in the workplace
  • Labor unions discouraged black membership
  • Blacks were often hired as a last resort
  • Blacks were fired before whites

65
Discrimination in the North
  • Blacks and whites often clashed in the workplace
    because of competition
  • New York City had a race riot in 1900
  • A young black man believing his wife was being
    mistreated by a white police officer, killed the
    policeman
  • Word of the killing spread and whites began
    attacking blacks

66
Discrimination in the West
  • Late 1800s railroads hired more Mexicans than
    members of any other ethnic group to construct
    railroads in the West
  • Mexicans were used to the climate
  • Railroads paid them less than other ethnic groups
  • Were vital to the development of mining and
    agriculture in the Southwest

67
Discrimination in the West
  • National Reclamation Act of 1902
  • Gave government assistance for irrigation
    projects made desert areas bloom
  • Mexican workers became the major labor force in
    the agricultural industries of the region
  • Mexicans were often forced into debt peonage
    which is a system that bound laborers into
    slavery in order to work off a debt to the
    employer
  • 1911 Supreme Court declare involuntary peonage
    a violation of the 13th Amendment

68
Discrimination in the West
  • Excluding the Chinese
  • By 1880 more than 100,000 Chinese immigrants
    lived in the U.S.
  • White fears of job competition with the Chinese
    pushed the Chinese into segregated schools and
    neighborhoods
  • Racial discrimination posted terrible legal and
    economic problems for non-whites in the U.S. at
    the turn of the century

69
Dawn of Mass Culture
  • American Leisure
  • New leisure activities, nationwide advertising
    campaigns, and the rise of consumer culture began
    to level regional differences
  • Americans begin enjoying amusement parks,
    bicycling, new forms of theater and spectator
    sports

70
Amusement Parks
  • To meet recreational needs major cities like
    Chicago and NYC became setting aside green space
    for outdoor enjoyment
  • Many cities built small playgrounds and playing
    fields in neighborhoods
  • Amusement parks were usually found on the
    outskirts of cities
  • Built by trolley car companies who wanted more
    passengers

71
Amusement Parks
  • Parks had picnic grounds and a variety of rides
  • Coney Island in 1884 drew customers to its new
    roller coaster
  • Chicago in 1893 drew record numbers to the
    Worlds Columbian Exposition to ride the Ferris
    wheel
  • Americans were ready for new and innovative forms
    of entertainment

72
Coney Island
73
Chicagos Ferris wheel
74
Bicycling
  • Bicycles
  • Had huge front wheels with solid rubber tires
  • Challenge to ride
  • A bump could throw the rider off the bike
  • Began as a male only sport
  • 1885 commercial sale of a safety bicycle with
    smaller tires filled with air made the activity
    more popular
  • Victor safety bicycle held an appeal to women

75
Bicycling
  • Bicycles
  • Women got rid of their corset put on shirtwaist
    and split skirts to go riding
  • New attire became popular daily wear
  • Freed women from having to have a chaperone
  • By 1888 50,000 men and women had taken to
    bicycles
  • By 1890 312 manufacturers turned out 10 million
    bikes in one year

76
Bicycles
77
Tennis
  • Modern version began in North Wales in 1873
  • 1874 first match held in U.S.
  • Enthusiastically
  • taken up by
  • Americans just
  • like bicycling

78
Hungry or Thirsty?
  • First Hershey chocolate bar was sold in 1900
  • Coca-Cola was first created by an Atlanta
    pharmacist as a cure for headaches in 1886
  • Ingredients included Peruvian cocoa leaves and
    African cola nuts

79
Hungry or Thirsty?
80
Hungry or Thirsty?
  • Dr. John Stith Pemberton

81
Spectator Sports
  • Americans became huge fans of spectator sports
  • Two major sports were boxing and baseball
  • Boxing
  • Fans who could not attend boxing matches would
    crowd into hotel lobbies or barber shops to hear
    news of the fights

82
Boxing
  • Billy Irwin Billy Gallagher

83
Spectator Sports
  • Baseball
  • New rules transformed it into a spectator sport
  • 1845 Andrew J. Cartwright organize a club in
    NYC and set up new rules based on an English
    sport called rounders
  • 1850 50 clubs were located throughout the U.S.
  • New York had 12 clubs
  • 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings a professional
    team toured the U.S.

84
Spectator Sports
  • Baseball
  • 1876 National League was formed
  • 1900 American League was formed
  • 1903 First World Series held and the Boston
    Pilgrims beat the Pittsburgh Pirates
  • African American players were excluded from
    playing on major league teams so they for the
    Colored National League and the Colored American
    League
  • 1890s had a published game schedule, official
    rules , and a standard sized diamond

85
Baseball
86
Spread of Mass Culture
  • Mass Circulation Newspapers
  • Newspapers begin using sensational headlines to
    capture readers attention
  • Joseph Pulitzer
  • Hungarian immigrant bought the New York World in
    1883
  • Pioneered popular innovations including the
    Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage and
    womens news
  • Paper emphasized sin, sex, and sensation

87
Joseph Pulitzer
88
Spread of Mass Culture
  • William Randolph Hearst
  • Purchased the New York Morning Journal in 1895
    already owned the San Francisco Examiner
  • Sought to outdo Pulitzer
  • Filled the Journal with exaggerated tales of
    personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, and an
    imaginary conquest of Mars
  • By 1898 the sensational news coverage had each
    paper selling more than a million copies a day

89
William Randolph Hearst
90
Promoting Fine Arts
  • By 1900 every large city had at least one art
    gallery
  • Thomas Eakins
  • Embraced realism (the attempt to portray life as
    it is really lived) in his paintings
  • Used painstaking geometric perspective in his
    work
  • Also used photography to make realistic studies
    of people and animals

91
Thomas Eakins
92
Thomas Eakins
93
Promoting Fine Arts
  • Ashcan School
  • Led by Robert Henri, a student of Eakins
  • Painted urban life and working people with gritty
    realism and no frills
  • Soon challenged by European abstract artists
  • Libraries
  • By 1900 free circulating libraries in America
    numbered in the thousands

94
Ashcan School
95
Promoting Fine Arts
  • Some scholars felt that literature should uplift
    Americas literary tastes crime tales and
    western adventures
  • Most people preferred light fiction
  • Edward Wheeler who Deadwood Dick in 1877 and by
    1887 he had produced over 30 more
  • Realistic portrayals of American life were
    written by writers such as Sarah Orne Jewett,
    Theodore Dreiser, Stephen Crane, Jack London, and
    Willa Cather

96
Promoting Fine Arts
  • Samuel Langhorne Clemens a.k.a. Mark Twain
  • Wrote many famous classics including The
    Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, and A
    Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court
  • Art galleries and libraries attempted to raise
    cultural standards
  • Did not succeed because of low interest
  • Blacks were often excluded from visiting museums
    or other white controlled cultural institutions

97
Promoting Fine Arts
98
Urban Shopping
  • Nations earliest form of a shopping center
    opened in Cleveland, Ohio in 1890
  • Glass-topped arcade had four levels of jewelry,
    leather goods, and stationery shops
  • Provided band music on Sundays so resident could
    spend their Sundays strolling and gazing at the
    window displays
  • Retail shopping districts formed where public
    transportation could bring shopper from outlying
    areas

99
Cleveland Arcade
100
The Department Store
  • Marshall Field of Chicago brought the concept to
    America
  • Worked as a clerk in a store and paid close
    attention to women customers which increased
    sales
  • 1865 opened his own store Marshall Fields
    which featured several specialized departments
  • Motto Give the lady what she wants
  • Pioneered the bargain basement selling bargain
    goods that were less expensive but reliable

101
Marshall Fields
102
The Chain Store
  • Retail stores that offered the same merchandise
    under the same ownership sold goods for less by
    buying in quantity and limiting personal service
  • 1870s F.W. Woolworth found that consumers would
    purchase goods on a whim if it was a good bargain
    a nickel or dime
  • By 1911 there were 596 Woolworth stores selling
    more than a million dollars of goods a week

103
F.W. Woolworth
  • A five and dime store

104
Advertising
  • Advertising explosion brought about modern
    consumerism
  • 1865 advertising expenditures were under 10
    million
  • 1900 expenditures increased to 95 million
  • Patent medicines had largest number of
    advertising lines followed by soaps, and baking
    powders
  • Advertisers pushed their products in newspapers
    and magazines or on billboards, the sides of
    barns, houses, and even rocks

105
Advertising
106
Catalogs and RFD
  • Montgomery Wards and Sears Roebuck brought retail
    merchandise to small towns
  • Wards catalog launched in 1872 went from a
    single page to a catalog printed with ordering
    instruction in 10 foreign languages
  • Richard Sears started his company in 1886
  • By 1910 about 10 million Americans ordered by
    mail
  • U.S. Post Office boosted mail order business in
    1896 by introducing RFD rural free delivery
    which brought packages to every home

107
Montgomery Ward
108
Sears Roebuck
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