Title: Making%20America%20Grow%20and%20Divide
1Industrialization and Segregation in America
- Making America Grow and Divide
2Science and Urban Life
- Engineering innovations lay the foundation for
modern American cities - Cities not only expand outward but upward
- In 1870 only 25 cities in American had
populations over 50,000 - By 1890 there were 58
- By the turn of the century 4 out of 10 Americans
lived in cities because of their jobs
3Skyscrapers
- Architects could create taller buildings for 2
reasons - Invention of the elevator
- Development of internal steel skeletons to bear
the weight of the building - Louis Sullivan
- 1890-1891
- Wainwright Building in St. Louis
- 10 stories tall and graceful looking
- Sullivan called it a proud and soaring thing
4Louis Sullivan
5Skyscrapers
- Skyscraper became Americas greatest contribution
to architecture - They solved the problem of how to make the best
use of limited and expensive space - Daniel Burnham
- Flatiron Building
- Perfect for its location
- Built in 1902 and stood 285 feet tall
- Served as a symbol of a rich and optimistic
society
6Daniel Burnham
7Electric Transit
- Richmond, Virginia became the first city in
America to electrify its urban transit - By the turn of the century, trolleys ran from the
suburbs to the cities - New Railroad lines contributed to the growing
number of commuters in New York - Some cities, like Chicago, built el trains
while others, like New York City, built subways
8Electric Transit in Richmond
9Electric Transit Chicago NYC
10Engineering Urban Planning
- Steel-cable suspension bridges like the Brooklyn
Bridge brought cities closer together - Need for open space in a crowded city inspired
the science of urban planning - Sometimes provided recreational opportunities
- City planners wanted to restore a measure of
serenity to the environment by designing
recreational areas
11Engineering Urban Planning
- Frederick Law Olmstead
- Spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks
- He along with Calvert Vaux, an English born
architect designed Greensward which was
selected to become Central Park in New York City - Park was envisioned to be a rustic haven in the
center of a busy city
12Engineering Urban Planning
- Central Park features
- boating and tennis facilities
- A zoo
- Bicycle paths
- A fountain
- Olmstead wanted the citys people to have a place
where they could enjoy a natural setting
13Olmstead and Vaux
14Central Park
15Central Park
16City Planning
- Chicago
- Explosive growth between 1850 and 1870
- Population went from 30,000 to 300,000
- Was a nightmare of unregulated expansion
- Daniel Burnham was given the job of recreating
the city - He oversaw the transformation of a swampy are
near Lake Michigan into a beautiful city
17City Planning
- Chicago
- City hosted the Worlds Columbian Exposition in
1893 - Created grand exhibition halls
- First Ferris wheel was shown there
- Had a lagoon which greeted 21 million visitors
- Elegant parks
18Columbian Exposition
19Columbian Exposition
20Columbian Exposition
21Columbian Exposition
22New Technologies
- Printing
- By 1890 Literacy rate in the U.S. was close to
90 - Publishers turned out large numbers of books,
magazines, and newspapers to meet the needs of
the public - American mills produced a cheap paper made from
wood pulp that could withstand the high speed
presses - New presses allowed for printing on both sides of
the paper and also cut, folded, and counted the
pages as they came down the line - Made newspapers cheaper and magazines more
affordable
23High Speed Printing Press
24New Technologies
- Orville and Wilbur Wright
- Bicycle manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio
- Experimented with new engines to keep an airplane
aloft - The first built a glider and then commissioned a
4-cylinder engine to be built - They chose a propeller and designed a biplane
with a 404 wingspan
25New Technologies
- Orville and Wilbur Wright
- First successful flight December 17, 1903 in
Kitty Hawk, NC - Wilbur Wright flew 120 ft. for 12 seconds
- By 1905 they were flying 24 miles
- By 1920 the federal government established its
first transcontinental airmail service
26Orville Wilbur Wright
27The First Flight
28The Airplane
29The Airplane
30New Technologies
- Photography
- Before 1880s professional activity
- time required to take a picture
- Weight of the equipment
- Could not shoot a moving object
- Had to be developed immediately because of the
heavy glass platens
31New Technologies
- George Eastman
- Developed a series of alternatives
- Created flexible film coated with gelatin
emulsions - Film could be sent to a studio for processing
- Professional photographers slow to use
- Aimed new product at the masses
- 1888 introduced the Kodak camera with a
100-picture roll of film for 25 - Take pictures, send camera back to Eastman who
would reload and then develop the pictures for
10 - Prompted millions to become amateur photographers
- Camera helped create the field of photojournalism
32Photography
A self portrait on experimental film
33Photography
34Public Education
- Schools for children
- 1865 1895
- States passed laws requiring 12 to 16 weeks
annually of schools attendance by students
between ages 8 and 14 - Emphasis on reading, writing, and arithmetic
- Strict rules and physical punishment made
students miserable - Children will begin to attend school earlier
35Public Education
- Schools for children
- Kindergarten originally created outside of
schools to offer childcare for employed mothers,
became more popular - 1880 200 kindergartens
- 1900 3,000 kindergartens
- William Torrey Harris helped to establish
kindergartens in public schools
36Public Education
- White vs. Black
- More opportunities for whites
- Children attending elementary school in 1880
- Whites 62
- Blacks 34
- 1940s public education will become available to
the majority of black children living in the
South
37Public Education
- The Growth of High Schools
- Economy demanded advanced technical and
managerial skills - By 1900 more than a ½ million students attended
high school - Expanded curriculum included science, civics, and
social studies - Vocational courses prepared
- Males for industrial jobs in drafting, carpentry,
and mechanics - Females for office work
38Industrial Workers
39Office Workers
40Public Education
Expanding Education/Increasing Literacy
Year Students Enrolled Literacy in English ( of Population age 10 and over)
1871 7.6 million 80
1880 9.9 million 83
1890 12.7 million 87
1900 15.5 million 89
1910 17.8 million 92
1920 21.6 Million 94
Sources Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 1921
Historical Statistics of the U.S.
41Public Education
- Racial Discrimination
- African Americans were excluded from public
secondary education - 1890 fewer than 1 of black teenagers attended
high school - 2/3 of black students went to private schools
with no governmental funding - 1910 3 of African Americans attended high
school (ages 15 19) - Majority still attended private schools
42Racial Discrimination
43Public Education
- Education for Immigrants
- Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
- Most children were sent to American public
schools where they became Americanized - Some people resented the suppression of their
native languages - Parochial schools were set up by Catholics
because public schools were teaching them
Protestant values - Adult immigrants attended night school to learn
English and to qualify for American citizenship
44Higher Education
- Changes in Universities
- 1880 1920
- College enrollment quadrupled
- Industrial development change the nations
educational needs - More courses offered in modern languages, the
physical sciences, psychology and sociology - Professional law and medical schools were
established - Private colleges and universities began requiring
entrance exams - High diploma needed to enter into college
45Higher Education
- Higher Education for African Americans
- Post Civil War thousands of African Americans
pursued higher education - Freedmens Bureau and other groups helped blacks
to found Howard, Fisk, and Atlanta Universities - All opened between 1865 and 1868
- Private donors could not support black
institutions financially - By 1900 3,880 African Americans out of 9 million
were in college or professional schools
46Black Universities
47Higher Education
- Booker T. Washington
- Prominent African American educator
- Believed racism would en once blacks acquired
useful labor schools and were able to prove their
economic value - Graduated from Hampton Institute now Hampton
University - 1881 headed Tuskegee Normal and Industrial
Institute (now Tuskegee University) - Aim of Tuskegee was to equip African Americans
with teaching diplomas and useful skills in
agricultural, domestic, or mechanical work
48Booker T. Washington
49Higher Education
- W.E. B. Du Bois
- First African American to receive a doctorate
from Harvard University in 1895 - Disagreed with Washingtons approach
- Founded the Niagara Movement in 1905
- Insisted blacks should seek a liberal arts
education so that the African American community
would have well-educated leaders - Even with millions of people receiving the
education they needed, racial discrimination
still existed in America
50W. E. B. Du Bois
51Segregation Discrimination
- New rights given to African Americans during
Reconstruction led to hostile and violent
opposition from whites - African Americans were often victims of laws
restricting their civil rights - By 20th century Southern states had adopted a
broad system of legal policies of racial
discrimination and devised methods to weaken
African-American political power
52Voting Restrictions
- All Southern states imposed new voting
restrictions and denied legal equality to African
Americans - Some states limited voting to those that could
read and required literacy tests - Blacks trying to vote were given more difficult
questions or given a test in a foreign language
53Segregation Discrimination
- New rights given to African Americans during
Reconstruction led to hostile and violent
opposition from whites - African Americans were often victims of laws
restricting their civil rights - By 20th century Southern states had adopted a
broad system of legal policies of racial
discrimination and devised methods to weaken
African-American political power
54Voting Restrictions
- Poll Tax
- Had to be paid before qualifying to vote
- Blacks and sharecroppers were often too poor to
pay the tax - To help out the whites that could not pay the tax
or failed the literacy test, officials instituted
the grandfather clause - Even if you failed the literacy test or could not
pay the poll tax, if your grandfather voted
before January 1, 1867, then you could vote
55Jim Crow Laws
- Racial segregation laws passed to separate white
and black people in public and private facilities - Named after a popular old minstrel song that
ended in the words Jump, Jim Crow - Put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and
transportation systems throughout the South
56Jim Crow Laws
57Jump Jim Crow
- Come, listen, all you girls and boys, I'm just
from Tuckahoe I'm going to sing a little song,
My name's Jim Crow. -
- Chorus Wheel about, and turn about, and do just
so Every time I wheel about, I jump Jim Crow.
- I went down to the river, I didn't mean to stay,
- But there I saw so many girls, I couldn't get
away. - I'm roaring on the fiddle, and down in old
Virginia, - They say I play the scientific, like master
Paganini, - I cut so many monkey shines, I dance the
galoppade - And when I'm done, I rest my head, on shovel,
hoe or spade.
58Jump Jim Crow
- I met Miss Dina Scrub one day, I give her such a
buss kiss - And then she turn and slap my face, and make a
mighty fuss. - The other gals are going to fight, I told them
wait a bit - I'd have them all, just one by one, as I thought
fit. - I whip the lion of the west, I eat the alligator
- I put more water in my mouth, then boil ten
loads of potatoes. - The way they bake the hoe cake corn bread
cooked on open fire on metal implement such as a
hoe, Virginia never tire - They put the dough upon the foot, and stick them
in the fire.
59Jump Jim Crow
60Plessy v. Ferguson
- 1896
- Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities for
blacks and whites are legal as long as they did
not violate the Fourteenth Amendment - Established the separate but equal doctrine
- Allowed states to maintain separate facilities
for blacks and whites
61Plessy v. Ferguson
62Turn of the Century Race Relations
- Racial etiquette became part of the relationship
between blacks and whites - Most of the customs belittled and humiliated
blacks - Blacks and whites could not shake hands
- Blacks had to yield to white on the sidewalk
- Black men had to remove their hats for whites
63Violence
- If blacks did not follow racial etiquette they
could face severe punishment - Most if accused of violating the etiquette were
lynched - 1882 - 1892 1,400 men and were shot, burned, or
hanged without a trial - Still continued into the 20th century
- Last lynching took place in 1968
64Discrimination in the North
- By 1900 many blacks had moved North in search of
better paying jobs and social equality - In the North, blacks were forced into segregated
neighborhoods - Faced discrimination in the workplace
- Labor unions discouraged black membership
- Blacks were often hired as a last resort
- Blacks were fired before whites
65Discrimination in the North
- Blacks and whites often clashed in the workplace
because of competition - New York City had a race riot in 1900
- A young black man believing his wife was being
mistreated by a white police officer, killed the
policeman - Word of the killing spread and whites began
attacking blacks
66Discrimination in the West
- Late 1800s railroads hired more Mexicans than
members of any other ethnic group to construct
railroads in the West - Mexicans were used to the climate
- Railroads paid them less than other ethnic groups
- Were vital to the development of mining and
agriculture in the Southwest
67Discrimination in the West
- National Reclamation Act of 1902
- Gave government assistance for irrigation
projects made desert areas bloom - Mexican workers became the major labor force in
the agricultural industries of the region - Mexicans were often forced into debt peonage
which is a system that bound laborers into
slavery in order to work off a debt to the
employer - 1911 Supreme Court declare involuntary peonage
a violation of the 13th Amendment
68Discrimination in the West
- Excluding the Chinese
- By 1880 more than 100,000 Chinese immigrants
lived in the U.S. - White fears of job competition with the Chinese
pushed the Chinese into segregated schools and
neighborhoods - Racial discrimination posted terrible legal and
economic problems for non-whites in the U.S. at
the turn of the century
69Dawn of Mass Culture
- American Leisure
- New leisure activities, nationwide advertising
campaigns, and the rise of consumer culture began
to level regional differences - Americans begin enjoying amusement parks,
bicycling, new forms of theater and spectator
sports
70Amusement Parks
- To meet recreational needs major cities like
Chicago and NYC became setting aside green space
for outdoor enjoyment - Many cities built small playgrounds and playing
fields in neighborhoods - Amusement parks were usually found on the
outskirts of cities - Built by trolley car companies who wanted more
passengers
71Amusement Parks
- Parks had picnic grounds and a variety of rides
- Coney Island in 1884 drew customers to its new
roller coaster - Chicago in 1893 drew record numbers to the
Worlds Columbian Exposition to ride the Ferris
wheel - Americans were ready for new and innovative forms
of entertainment
72Coney Island
73Chicagos Ferris wheel
74Bicycling
- Bicycles
- Had huge front wheels with solid rubber tires
- Challenge to ride
- A bump could throw the rider off the bike
- Began as a male only sport
- 1885 commercial sale of a safety bicycle with
smaller tires filled with air made the activity
more popular - Victor safety bicycle held an appeal to women
75Bicycling
- Bicycles
- Women got rid of their corset put on shirtwaist
and split skirts to go riding - New attire became popular daily wear
- Freed women from having to have a chaperone
- By 1888 50,000 men and women had taken to
bicycles - By 1890 312 manufacturers turned out 10 million
bikes in one year
76Bicycles
77Tennis
- Modern version began in North Wales in 1873
- 1874 first match held in U.S.
- Enthusiastically
- taken up by
- Americans just
- like bicycling
78Hungry or Thirsty?
- First Hershey chocolate bar was sold in 1900
- Coca-Cola was first created by an Atlanta
pharmacist as a cure for headaches in 1886 - Ingredients included Peruvian cocoa leaves and
African cola nuts
79Hungry or Thirsty?
80Hungry or Thirsty?
81Spectator Sports
- Americans became huge fans of spectator sports
- Two major sports were boxing and baseball
- Boxing
- Fans who could not attend boxing matches would
crowd into hotel lobbies or barber shops to hear
news of the fights
82Boxing
- Billy Irwin Billy Gallagher
83Spectator Sports
- Baseball
- New rules transformed it into a spectator sport
- 1845 Andrew J. Cartwright organize a club in
NYC and set up new rules based on an English
sport called rounders - 1850 50 clubs were located throughout the U.S.
- New York had 12 clubs
- 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings a professional
team toured the U.S.
84Spectator Sports
- Baseball
- 1876 National League was formed
- 1900 American League was formed
- 1903 First World Series held and the Boston
Pilgrims beat the Pittsburgh Pirates - African American players were excluded from
playing on major league teams so they for the
Colored National League and the Colored American
League - 1890s had a published game schedule, official
rules , and a standard sized diamond
85Baseball
86Spread of Mass Culture
- Mass Circulation Newspapers
- Newspapers begin using sensational headlines to
capture readers attention - Joseph Pulitzer
- Hungarian immigrant bought the New York World in
1883 - Pioneered popular innovations including the
Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage and
womens news - Paper emphasized sin, sex, and sensation
87Joseph Pulitzer
88Spread of Mass Culture
- William Randolph Hearst
- Purchased the New York Morning Journal in 1895
already owned the San Francisco Examiner - Sought to outdo Pulitzer
- Filled the Journal with exaggerated tales of
personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, and an
imaginary conquest of Mars - By 1898 the sensational news coverage had each
paper selling more than a million copies a day
89William Randolph Hearst
90Promoting Fine Arts
- By 1900 every large city had at least one art
gallery - Thomas Eakins
- Embraced realism (the attempt to portray life as
it is really lived) in his paintings - Used painstaking geometric perspective in his
work - Also used photography to make realistic studies
of people and animals
91Thomas Eakins
92Thomas Eakins
93Promoting Fine Arts
- Ashcan School
- Led by Robert Henri, a student of Eakins
- Painted urban life and working people with gritty
realism and no frills - Soon challenged by European abstract artists
- Libraries
- By 1900 free circulating libraries in America
numbered in the thousands
94Ashcan School
95Promoting Fine Arts
- Some scholars felt that literature should uplift
Americas literary tastes crime tales and
western adventures - Most people preferred light fiction
- Edward Wheeler who Deadwood Dick in 1877 and by
1887 he had produced over 30 more - Realistic portrayals of American life were
written by writers such as Sarah Orne Jewett,
Theodore Dreiser, Stephen Crane, Jack London, and
Willa Cather
96Promoting Fine Arts
- Samuel Langhorne Clemens a.k.a. Mark Twain
- Wrote many famous classics including The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, and A
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court - Art galleries and libraries attempted to raise
cultural standards - Did not succeed because of low interest
- Blacks were often excluded from visiting museums
or other white controlled cultural institutions
97Promoting Fine Arts
98Urban Shopping
- Nations earliest form of a shopping center
opened in Cleveland, Ohio in 1890 - Glass-topped arcade had four levels of jewelry,
leather goods, and stationery shops - Provided band music on Sundays so resident could
spend their Sundays strolling and gazing at the
window displays - Retail shopping districts formed where public
transportation could bring shopper from outlying
areas
99Cleveland Arcade
100The Department Store
- Marshall Field of Chicago brought the concept to
America - Worked as a clerk in a store and paid close
attention to women customers which increased
sales - 1865 opened his own store Marshall Fields
which featured several specialized departments - Motto Give the lady what she wants
- Pioneered the bargain basement selling bargain
goods that were less expensive but reliable
101Marshall Fields
102The Chain Store
- Retail stores that offered the same merchandise
under the same ownership sold goods for less by
buying in quantity and limiting personal service - 1870s F.W. Woolworth found that consumers would
purchase goods on a whim if it was a good bargain
a nickel or dime - By 1911 there were 596 Woolworth stores selling
more than a million dollars of goods a week
103F.W. Woolworth
104Advertising
- Advertising explosion brought about modern
consumerism - 1865 advertising expenditures were under 10
million - 1900 expenditures increased to 95 million
- Patent medicines had largest number of
advertising lines followed by soaps, and baking
powders - Advertisers pushed their products in newspapers
and magazines or on billboards, the sides of
barns, houses, and even rocks
105Advertising
106Catalogs and RFD
- Montgomery Wards and Sears Roebuck brought retail
merchandise to small towns - Wards catalog launched in 1872 went from a
single page to a catalog printed with ordering
instruction in 10 foreign languages - Richard Sears started his company in 1886
- By 1910 about 10 million Americans ordered by
mail - U.S. Post Office boosted mail order business in
1896 by introducing RFD rural free delivery
which brought packages to every home
107Montgomery Ward
108Sears Roebuck