States of Consciousness

1

• Chapter 7
• States of Consciousness

2
Waking Consciousness

• Consciousness
• our awareness of ourselves and our environments
• Daydreams / Fantasies
• Young adults more than older adults
• Prepare/rehearse for activity
• Enhance creativity
• Children imaginative play

3
Sleep IQ TestTrue or False?

1. During sleep, your brain rests.
2. You cannot learn to function normally with 1 or 2
   fewer hours of sleep than you need.
3. Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have
   had enough sleep.
4. Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot
   satisfy your bodys need for sleep.
5. Snoring is not harmful as long as it doesnt
   disturb others or wake you up.
6. Everyone dreams nightly.
7. The older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you
   need.
8. Most people dont know when they are sleepy.
9. Raising the volume of your radio will help you
   stay awake while driving.
10. Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or
    psychological problems.
11. The human body never adjusts to night shift work.
12. Most sleep disorders go away, even without
    treatment.

4
Sleep and Dreams

• Circadian Rhythm
• 24 biological clock
• Body temp rises toward morning, peaks during day,
  dips early afternoon, drops in evening
• Bright light prompts awakening
• Light activates substances in retina, causes area
  in hypothalamus to decrease melatonin

5
Sleep Stages

• Stage 1 5 minutes
• Slowed breathing
• Floating / falling sensation
• Stage 2 20 minutes
• Sleep spindles bursts of activity
• Stage 3 transition phase
• Slow, large Delta waves
• Lasts few minutes

6
Sleep Stages

• Stage 4
• Slow Delta Waves
• 30 minutes
• Return to Stage 3
• Return to Stage 2

7
Sleep Stages

• Stage 5
• REM Sleep
• 10 minutes
• Brain waves rapid jagged
• Heart rate rises
• Breathing rapid irregular
• Eyes dart around beginning of dream
• Sex organs aroused
• Motor cortex is active but brainstem blocks
  messages
• Paradoxical Sleep

8
Sleep Deprivation

• Effects of Sleep Loss
• fatigue
• impaired concentration
• depressed immune system
• greater vulnerability to accidents

9
Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia
• persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
• Narcolepsy
• uncontrollable sleep attacks
• Sleep Apnea
• temporary cessation of breathing
• momentary reawakenings

10
Night Terrors and Nightmares

• Night Terrors
• occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,
  usually during Stage 4
• high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

11
Meaning of Dreams?

• Sigmund Freud
• wish fulfillment
• discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
• Manifest Content
• remembered story line
• Latent Content
• underlying meaning
• As Information Processing
• helps facilitate memories
• Physiological Function
• Dreams provide brain with stimulation
• Activation/Synthesis theory random activity

12
Hypnosis

• Hypnosis
• a social interaction in which one person (the
  hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that
  certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
  behaviors will spontaneously occur
• Posthypnotic Amnesia
• supposed inability to recall what one experienced
  during hypnosis
• induced by the hypnotists suggestion
• 1700s Anton Mesmer
• Austrian physician
• Trancelike states (mesmerized) to heal them
• Bad reputation

13
Attitudes Toward Hypnosis

• Respond using this scale 1not at all 7very
  true
• I find the whole idea of being hypnotized an
  attractive prospect.
• I would like to become deeply hypnotized.
• I would not mind being known as someone who can
  be deeply hypnotized.
• I am totally open to being hypnotized.
• Ones ability to be hypnotized is a sign of
  creativity and inner strength.
• I wonder about the mental stability of those who
  become deeply hypnotized.
• Those who are easily hypnotized are weak people.

14
Attitudes Toward Hypnosis

• 8. Those who can become deeply hypnotized are
  as normal and well-adjusted as anyone.
• 9. Intelligent people are the least likely to
  get hypnotized.
• 10. I have some apprehensions about hypnosis and
  being hypnotized.
• 11. If someone attempted to hypnotize me, I
  would tend to hold myself back rather than let
  myself get carried away by the process.
• 12. Im not afraid of being hypnotized.
• 13. I am wary about becoming hypnotized because
  it means giving up my free will to the hypnotist.
• A deeply hypnotized person is robotlike and goes
  along automatically with whatever the hypnotist
  suggests.
• Reverse Questions 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 (17,
  26, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71). Add up numbers.
  Higher scores reflect a more positive attitude
  toward hypnosis.

15
Hypnosis

• Power of hypnosis resides in subjects openness
  to suggestion
• Hypnotist engages peoples ability to focus on
  certain things
• If you respond to suggestion without hypnosis,
  then you will likely respond to hypnosis.
• Typically absorbed in imaginative activities
• Rich fantasy lives
• Become easily absorbed in novel

16
Hypnosis-Pain Theories

• Dissociation
• a split in consciousness between physical pain
  emotion sense of pain
• allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur
  simultaneously with others
• Selective Attention
• Hypnosis does not block sensory input but may
  block our attention to this input
• Focus on other things
• PET scans

17
Drugs and Consciousness

• Psychoactive Drug
• a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
  mood
• Physical Dependence
• physiological need for a drug
• marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
• Psychological Dependence
• a psychological need to use a drug
• for example, to relieve negative emotions

18
Dependence and Addiction

• Tolerance
• diminishing effect with regular use
• Withdrawal
• discomfort and distress that follow discontinued
  use

19
Psychoactive Drugs

• Depressants
• drugs that reduce neural activity
• slow body functions
• alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
• Stimulants
• drugs that excite neural activity
• speed up body functions
• caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

20
Psychoactive Drugs

• Hallucinogens
• psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort
  perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
  absence of sensory input
• LSD

21
Psychoactive Drugs

• Barbiturates
• drugs that depress the activity of the central
  nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing
  memory and judgement

22
Psychoactive Drugs

• Opiates
• opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
• opiates depress neural activity, temporarily
  lessening pain and anxiety

23
Psychoactive Drugs

• Amphetamines
• drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing
  speeded-up body functions and associated energy
  and mood changes

24
Psychoactive Drugs

• Ecstasy (MDMA)
• synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
• both short-term and long-term health risks
• LSD
• lysergic acid diethylamide
• a powerful hallucinogenic drug
• also known as acid
• THC
• the major active ingredient in marijuana
• triggers a variety of effects, including mild
  hallucinations

25
Near-Death Experiences

• Near-Death Experience
• an altered state of consciousness reported after
  a close brush with death
• often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
• Dualism
• the presumption that mind and body are two
  distinct entities that interact
• Monism
• the presumption that mind and body are different
  aspects of the same thing