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Introduction to Psychology

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Levels of Consciousness Consciousness - An organism s or individual s awareness of, or possibility of knowing what is happening inside or outside itself – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Introduction to Psychology


1
Levels of Consciousness
Consciousness - An organisms or individuals
awareness of, or possibility of knowing what is
happening inside or outside itself
Subconscious - Consciousness just below the level
of awareness. It contains thoughts and ideas just
out of our awareness.
Unconscious - A deeper level of awareness is the
unconscious. It contains thoughts and desires
about which we have no true or direct knowledge.
2
Waking Consciousness
  • Levels of information Processing
  • Parallel processing subconscious information
    processing occurs simultaneously on many parallel
    tracks.
  • Serial processing conscious processing takes
    place in sequence

3
Waking Consciousness
  • Fantasy-prone personalities
  • someone who imagines and recalls experiences
    with lifelike vividness and who spends
    considerable time fantasizing

4
Biological Clocks
Biological clocks are internal units that control
parts of the body and which are regulated by
nature. They operate on free-running cycles
(under their own control).
Through entrainment, some cycles can be modified
to fit a different rhythm (sleep-wake cycle).
5
Circadian Rhythms
The human body has a natural rhythm or cycle of
sleep and wakefulness of 25 hours. Contrast
this to the light-dark cycle of 24 hours.
The human circadian rhythm is based on an
entrained 24-hour cycle. Most peoples low
points (temperature, blood pressure, and weakness
) generally fall between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m.
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8
Premenstrual Syndrome
3
Recalled mood is worse than earlier reported
Negative mood score
2
1
Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phase
Recalled mood
Actual
9
Sleep and Dreams
  • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
  • recurring sleep stage
  • vivid dreams
  • paradoxical sleep
  • muscles are generally
  • relaxed, but other
  • body systems are
  • active

10
Sleep and Dreams
  • Sleep
  • periodic, natural,
  • reversible loss of
  • consciousness

11
Sleep and Dreams
REM SLEEP NREM SLEEP
1. Rapid eye movement 1. Non-rapid eye movement
2. Increases in length as nights sleep progresses. 2.Decreases in length as nights sleep progresses.
3. Vivid dreams 3. Vague, partial images and stories
4. Nightmares 4. Incubus attacks (night terrors)
5. Paralyzed body 5. Sleepwalking talking in sleep
6. Essential part of sleep 6. Less essential part of sleep

12
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
  • Beta Waves
  • Wide awake waves
  • Alpha Waves
  • slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
  • Delta Waves
  • large, slow waves of deep sleep
  • Hallucinations
  • false sensory experiences
  • Sleep Spindles
  • Begin during stage 2 sleep and increase through
    the cycle

13
The Nature of Sleep and Dreams
14
Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
15
Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
16
Stages of Sleep
  • Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 80 to 100
    minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens,
    returns through stages 3 and 2
  • REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns
    that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness
  • muscles most relaxed
  • rapid eye movements occur
  • dreams occur
  • Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical
    nights sleep less time is spent in slow-wave,
    more is spent in REM

17
Functions of Sleep
  • Restoration theory body wears out during the day
    and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape
  • Adaptive theory sleep emerged in evolution to
    preserve energy and protect during the time of
    day when there is little value and considerable
    danger

18
Sleep Deprivation
  • Effects of Sleep Loss
  • fatigue
  • impaired concentration
  • depressed immune system
  • greater vulnerability to accidents

19
Sleep Deprivation
  • Has little effect on
  • performance of tasks
  • requiring physical
  • skill or intellectual
  • judgment
  • Hurts performance on simple, boring tasks more
    than challenging ones

20
Sleep Deprivation
21
Individual Differences in Sleep Drive
  • Some individuals need more and some less than
    the typical 8 hours per night
  • Nonsomniacssleep far less than most, but do not
    feel tired during the day
  • Insomniacshas a normal desire for sleep, but is
    unable to and feels tired during the day

22
Sleep Disorders
  • Insomnia
  • persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
  • Narcolepsy
  • uncontrollable sleep attacks
  • Sleep Apnea
  • temporary cessation of breathing
  • momentary reawakenings

23
Sleep Disorders
  • REM sleep disorder sleeper acts out his or her
    dreams
  • Night terrors sudden arousal from sleep and
    intense fear accompanied by physiological
    reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration)
    that occur during slow-wave sleep
  • Nightmares a vivid dream depicting frightening
    disturbing, anxiety-provoking events.

24
Sleep Disorders
Nightmares Night Terrors
1. Occurs during REM sleep, usually during the second half of the night. 1. Occurs during NREM sleep, usually during the first hour of the night.
2. Mild physiological changes 2. Drastic bodily changes breathing heart rate rise dramatically.
3. Associated with vivid images 3. Associated with panic
4. Most likely to occur during REM rebound. 4. Most likely to occur in children
25
Practical Issues in Sleep
Sleepwalking (somnambulism) About 25 of all
children have at least one episode of
sleepwalking. It typically occurs during the
first three hours of sleep.
Many people walk and talk in their sleep. It is
normal. It is not dangerous to awaken a
sleepwalker, as long as the person feels safe and
secure.
Walking and Talking
26
The Psychology of Dreams
Usually dreams contain everyday occurrences such
as interactions with family, friends, school
teachers, and so on. They also contain ideas
about fears and inadequacies.
Everyone dreams...
27
Dream Content
Usually contain imagined conquests
Take place outdoors more than indoors
May be recurrent
Usually involve running or jumping
Usually involve strong emotions
Contain visual, auditory, and even taste
sensations. (About 50 of our dreams are in
color. No one knows why.)
28
Dreams Freud
  • Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams
    (1900)
  • wish fulfillment
  • discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
  • Manifest Content
  • remembered story line
  • Latent Content
  • underlying meaning

29
Dreams
  • As Information Processing
  • helps facilitate memories
  • REM Rebound
  • REM sleep increases following REM sleep
    deprivation

30
Sleep Across the Lifespan
31
The Purpose of Dreaming
One hypothesis about dreaming is that it is a
time for the brain to replenish chemicals used up
during the day and to process information.
32
A second hypothesis says that dreams are used to
work out problems experienced throughout the day.
A third hypothesis about dreaming suggests that
it gives the brain an opportunity to sift through
and reorganize events of the day. It creates a
dream to organize the events. We dream to make
sense of the random situations.
33
Hypnosis
Hypnosis is a state of relaxation. Attention is
focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings.
Anton Mesmer believed power came from magnetism.
Hypnotic results really come from the power of
suggestion to focus or block.
Trances are periods of deep relaxation.
No one can be hypnotized to do something they
wouldnt do anyway.
34
Hypnosis
  • Hypnosis
  • a social interaction in which one person (the
    hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that
    certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
    behaviors will spontaneously occur
  • Posthypnotic Amnesia
  • supposed inability to recall what one experienced
    during hypnosis
  • induced by the hypnotists suggestion

35
Hypnosis
  • Unhypnotized persons can also do this

36
Hypnosis
  • Orne Evans (1965)
  • control group instructed to pretend
  • unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as
    the hypnotized ones
  • Posthypnotic Suggestion
  • suggestion to be carried out after the subject is
    no longer hypnotized
  • used by some clinicians to control undesired
    symptoms and behaviors

37
Hypnosis
  • Dissociation
  • a split in consciousness
  • allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur
    simultaneously with others
  • Hidden Observer
  • Hilgards term describing a hypnotized subjects
    awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go
    unreported during hypnosis

38
Facts and Falsehoods
  1. Can hypnosis work for anyone?
  2. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
    Age regression relive an earlier experience
  3. Can hypnosis force people to act against their
    will?
  4. Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
  5. Can hypnosis alleviate pain?

39
Explaining Hypnosis
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41
Drugs and Consciousness
  • Psychoactive Drug
  • a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
    mood
  • Physical Dependence
  • physiological need for a drug
  • marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
  • Psychological Dependence
  • a psychological need to use a drug
  • for example, to relieve negative emotions

42
Dependence and Addiction
  • Tolerance
  • diminishing effect with regular use
  • Withdrawal
  • discomfort and distress that follow discontinued
    use

43
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Depressants
  • drugs that reduce neural activity
  • slow body functions
  • alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
  • Stimulants
  • drugs that excite neural activity
  • speed up body functions
  • caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

44
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Hallucinogens
  • psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort
    perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
    absence of sensory input
  • LSD

45
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Alcohol in large or small doses it is a
    depressant. Small doses may indeed, enliven a
    drinker, but they do so by slowing brain activity
    that controls judgment and inhibitions. It
    contributes to the greatest number of deaths.

46
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Barbiturates
  • drugs that depress the activity of the central
    nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing
    memory and judgement

47
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Opiates
  • opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
  • opiates depress neural activity, temporarily
    lessening pain and anxiety

48
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Amphetamines
  • drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing
    speeded-up body functions and associated energy
    and mood changes

49
Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
50
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Ecstasy (MDMA)
  • synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
  • both short-term and long-term health risks
  • LSD
  • lysergic acid diethylamide
  • a powerful hallucinogenic drug
  • also known as acid
  • THC
  • the major active ingredient in marijuana
  • triggers a variety of effects, including mild
    hallucinations

51
Trends in Drug Use
52
Perceived Marijuana Risk
53
Psychoactive Drugs
54
Near-Death Experiences
  • Near-Death Experience
  • an altered state of consciousness reported after
    a close brush with death
  • often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

55
Near-Death Experiences
  • Dualism
  • the presumption that mind and body are two
    distinct entities that interact
  • Monism
  • the presumption that mind and body are different
    aspects of the same thing

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