Global Media

1
Global Media

• Communication Around The World

2
Media Ideals Around The World

• Four Theories of the Press (1956)
• written by Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson,
  and Wilbur Schramm
• four major forms of international press
• authoritarian
• libertarian
• Soviet/communist
• social responsibility

3

• Last Rights Revisiting Four Theories of the
  Press
• 1995 book written by John Nerone
• update of earlier four theories
• argued four theories were not a timeless set of
  categories
• saw them as a critique set within a particular
  time period
• A fifth theory?
• development theory

4

• Authoritarian theory
• oldest theory of the press
• role of the press is to be a servant of the
  government
• control of the press is carried out by
• giving permits to only certain printers
• prosecuting anyone who violates standards
• totalitarian governments (example in the1990s
  Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic)

5

• Communist Theory
• press is run by the government to serve the
  governments own needs
• only one valid political and social philosophy
• proposes the following principles
• The media are an instrument of the government and
  the Communist Party.
• The media should be closely tied to other sources
  of government power.
• The medias main purpose is to act as a tool for
  government propaganda.

6

• Libertarian Theory
• Press belongs to the people and serves as an
  independent observer of the government.
• It follows the basic ideals of the First
  Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
• It is based on the following principles
• People want to know the truth and be guided by
  it.
• The only way to arrive at the truth is for ideas
  to be freely and openly discussed.
• Different people will have different opinions,
  and everyone must be allowed to develop their
  own.
• The most rational ideas will be the most accepted
  
• The functions of the press are to inform,
  entertain, and advertise.

7

• Social Responsibility Theory
• while the press may be free from interference by
  the government, it can still be controlled by
  corporate interests
• press obliged to serve several social functions
• provide the news and information needed to make
  the political system work
• give the public the information needed for
  self-governance
• serve as an overseer of the government
• serve the economic function of bringing together
  buyers and sellers through advertising
• provide entertainment
• be profitable enough to avoid outside pressures.

8

• Norms for the press in the twenty-first century
• development theory
• addresses the special needs of emerging nations
• governments may feel that they need to restrict
  freedom of the press in order to promote
  industry, national identity, and partnerships
  with neighboring nations

9
Going GlobalMedia Standards Around
The World

• Alan Wards five dimensions of media rating
• control
• finance
• programming goals
• target audience
• feedback mechanism

10
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vpn8hrcN1NMY

• Canada
• free press patterned on the United States
• U.S. media tends to overshadow Canadian
• Canadian radio must be at least 35 domestic

11
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vC8Hr1z3w4hM

• Britainbroadcasting was dominated by state-run
  monopolies up until the 1980s.public service and
  cultural preservation prioritiesBritain and
  BBCoperates under a public service
  modelaudience members pay the cost of the
  programming (equipment licensing fees)

12

• Internet not as pervasive
• increase in privately owned television stations
• newspapers tend to take an obvious political view
  point
• newspaper readership worldwide highest in Europe
• facing declines

13

• Central and Latin America
• broadcasting dominated by North American,
  Mexican, and Brazilian programming
• fewer language barriers than other regions
• newspaper circulation has been growing
• 1,000 papers, 100 million readership

• http//www.televisa.com/programas/noticieros-y-ana
  lisis/

14
Islamic Countries and the Middle East

• straddle the fence between social responsibility
  and authoritarian media control
• controls on journalists and content
• Al Hayat and Al-Jazeera
• satellite and Internet and small media allowing
  bypass of control

15
http//www.youtube.com/user/aljazeeraenglish?blend
1ob4

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vvPbamN4v2Mc

16

• Professor Kai Hafezs three types of press in the
  Arab world
• mobilized
• loyalist
• diverse

17

• The importance of small media
• fax machines, photocopy machines, video cameras,
  computers, and the Internet
• provide for a range of voices
• Internet allows for wider expression
• size and availability make control difficult

18

• Television in the Islamic World
• heavy government control
• varied availability
• Saudi Arabian network (1960s)
• little known about Saudi viewer habits
• 1995 survey63 percent had access to satellite
  programming

19

• Al-Jazeera
• broadcast via satellite from Qatar since 1997
• only 10 percent of all Arabs with satellite TV
  never watch it
• committed to presenting an Arab view of the world
  
• founded by Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani
• started after failed Arabic-language BBC project

20
Africa

• prime example of development media theory
• early media covered white settlers only
• newspapers found in large cities
• circulation limited by poverty and illiteracy

21
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBxIAJQpVNc4

• radio is the most important medium
• Television and Internet limited
• no major newspapers are published in African
  languages
• more languages spoken than any other continent

22
South Africa

• South African Broadcasting Corporation
• committee of lawyers and media professionals
  regulate the broadcast industry
• .seven different languages
• source of inspiration for Western pop music
• township jive
• artists have recorded with Western artists

23
Russia and the former Soviet republics

• under communism, no ideal of an independent press
  
• control continues even after 1991 fall of Soviet
  Union
• most media owned by private, pro-government
  business people
• Moscowtwenty daily and weekly newspapers

24
Russia

• zakazukhaselling articles to highest bidder
• some papers supports the bosss political agenda
• television is the most important medium
• few can afford newspapers
• http//www.artn.tv/

25
India

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?viDa0CKy1fTU

• 40 percent of Indias households have television
  sets
• 40 percent read newspapers
• 120 million of 220 million households have a
  radio
• newspapers are big industry
• All India Radio (AIR) dominant radio source

26
China

• role of the media is to promote public policies
• all media are controlled by the government
• .

27
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vy7gH-HEiMJM

• Kenneth Petress on Chinese media
• Propaganda is not a dirty word in China it is a
  respected public service profession

28
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vx7qj6yRcqXQ

• American policy helped shape Japanese media after
  World War II
• NHK is Japans public broadcasting corporation
• Balance between commercial and public
  broadcasting

29
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vA9KHylRrwSQfeature
PlayListp9ACBC1879B0A0AD0playnext1playnext_f
romPLindex19

• manga, or comic books, are the most popular
  magazines
• account for 40 percent of all books and magazines
• growing in popularity in the United States

30
Dangers to Journalists

• In 2006 worldwide 55 journalists were killed
• 32 of them were in Iraq (4 combat-related, 28
  murdered)
• ABC News anchor Bob Woodruff injured
• hostage-taking increasing
• fear of reprisals discouraging journalistic
  coverage in danger spots

31
Woodruff
32

• Marshall McLuhans Global Villageelectronic
  media help people live and interact globally

33

• Ken Auletta
• perhaps not just one single wired global village
• perhaps hundreds or thousands of global villages
  
• W. Russell Neuman
• just because we have access, people may choose to
  ignore it