Chapter%202%20Historical%20Development%20of%20Engineering%20Management

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Chapter 2Historical Development of Engineering
Management
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Chapter Outline

• Origins of Engineering Management
• Impact of Industrial Revolution
• Development of Scientific Management
• Development of Administrative Management
• Development of Behavioral Management
• Current Contributions

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Learning Objectives

• Describe the origins of engineering management
• Identify the different basic management
  philosophies
• Discuss the future issues that will affect the
  continued development of engineering management

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Origins of Engineering Mgmt Ancient
Civilizations

• Mesopotamians
• 4500 - 2000 B.C.
• Used canals for irrigation
• Had management system and job descriptions
• Hammurabi Law (2023-2081 B.C.)
• Egyptians
• 4000 1600 B.C.
• Built pyramids (2.3M stone blocks, _at_5000 lbs)
• 100,000 men x 2030 years
• Used managerial principles

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Origins of Engineering Mgmt Ancient
Civilizations

• Chinese
• Principles of organizing, planning, directing,
  controlling (1100 B.C.)
• Built Great Wall 4000 miles (500 B.C.)
• Romans
• 284 B.C.
• Estate and farm management
• Emphasis on personnel selection and placement
• Known for building roads, bridges, and water
  management

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Origins of Engineering Mgmt Ancient Military

• Cyrus the Great (Persia) 576-530 B.C.
• Use of staff
• Recognized use of order and division of work
• Alexander the Great (Greek) 336-323 B.C.
• Distinction between line and staff
• Used discipline and delegation

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Origins of Engineering Mgmt Ancient Mass
Production

• Arsenal of Venice (Early 1400s)
• Manufacturing
• Numbering of inventory parts
• Personnel policies
• Standardization of parts
• Assembly line
• Accounting in two journals and one ledger, with
  annual auditing

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Industrial Revolution 1750-1800Important
Inventions

• Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves, 1764
• Water Frame, Richard Arkwright, 1771
• Spinning Mule, Samuel Crompton, 1779
• Power Loom, Edmund Cartwright, 1785
• Chlorine Bleach, Claude Louis Berthollet, 1785
• Steam Engine, James Watt, 1769
• Screw-cutting Lathe, Henry Maudslay, 1797
• Interchangeable Manufacture, Eli Whitney, 1798

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Industrial Revolution Problems of the Factory
System

• Recruiting/Training Workers
• Explosive Growth in Mill Towns
• Supervisors, No Background
• Upper Management, Sons or Relatives

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Industrial Revolution Industrial Development in
America

• Fist advanced textile mill was built in 1790, 269
  mills in 1810
• Canals (17901830) William Weston
• Railroad (18301850) John Stevens
• Telegraph line (18441860) Samuel Morse
• Steel making (18701900) Andrew Carnegie

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Industrial Revolution Development of Eng.
Education

• Apprenticeship, 18th century
• First Eng. School 1747 in France ? Ecole des
  Ponts at Chaussees (School of Bridges and Roads)
• US Military Academy at West Point, 1802
• Civil Eng. Program at West Point, 1817
• First Eng. School Norwich (Connecticut) Univ.
  (1819)
• Rensselear Polytechnic Institute (1823), Union
  College (1845), Harvard, Yale, Michigan (1847)
• Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862

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Management Philosophies

• Scientific Management
• Administrative Management
• Behavioral Management

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Scientific Management

• Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
• Invented 1st mechanical calculator difference
  engine
• Method of observing manufactures (1832)
• Henry Towne and ASME Management Div. (1886)
• Frederic W. Taylor (1856-1915)
• Time and Motion Studies
• Believed in selecting, training, teaching, and
  developing workers

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Scientific Management

• Frank B. Gilbreth (1868-1924)
• Best way of laying bricks
• Devised a system for classifying hand motions
  into 17 basic divisions Therbligs
• Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972)
• Psychology of Management (Human Factors)
• First Lady of Management

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Scientific Management

• Replaced old rule of thumb
• Believed in selecting, training, teach and
  developing workers
• Time Study
• Standards planning

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Criticism of Scientific Management

• Productivity, not quality
• Separating Planning and execution

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Administrative Management

• Henri Fayol (1841-1925)
• Developed 14 general principles of
  administration
• Divided management activities into five divisions
  (Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordination,
  Control)
• Max Weber (1864-1920)
• Division of labor
• Hierarchy of authority
• Employment based on expertise
• Decisions rules in writing
• Separation of management ownership

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Behavioral Management

• Hawthorne Studies
• Original intent was find the level of
  illumination that made the work of female coil
  winders, relay assemblers, and small parts
  inspectors more efficient.
• Conclusion - persons singled out for special
  attention perform as expected
• Abilene Paradox
• Failing to manage agreement effectively

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Behavioral Management

• Maslow Hierarchical theory of human needs
• Biological / Physiological Needs
• Security / Safety Needs
• Social Needs
• Ego Needs
• Self-actualization Fulfillment

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Contemporary Management Issues and Challenges

• Quality Management
• Meeting customers requirements
• Commitment by senior management and all employees
• Continuous improvement
• Planning quality into products and processes
• Teams
• Employee involvement and empowerment
• Recognition
• Benchmarking
• Certification (ISO)
• Six sigma

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Contemporary Management Issues and Challenges

• Customer Focus
• CASA/SME CIM Wheel

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Contemporary Management Issues and Challenges

• Information Technology
• Computers and Microprocessors
• Internet
• Engineering Functions Design, Manufacturing
• Business Practice Supply Chain, e-Business
• Project Management
• Complex systems
• Dynamic
• Globalization

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Contemporary Management Successful Executives

• Chester Barnard (telecommunications executive)
• Functions of the Executive
• Alfred P. Sloan (GM)
• Annual styling changes
• Pricing structure
• Walt Disney (Walt Disney)
• Treating customers as guests
• Thomas Watson Jr. (IBM)
• Service
• Customer satisfaction

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Contemporary Management Successful Executives

• Admiral Zumwalt (Navy)
• People will respond well to being treated as
  grownups
• Bill Hewlett Dave Packard (HP)
• Management by walking around
• Sam Walton (Walmart)
• Driving costs out of the merchandising system
• Bill Gates (Microsoft)
• Range of products
• Jack Welch (GE)
• innovative management strategies and leadership
  style

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Contemporary Management Famous Authors

• Peter Senge
• The Learning Organization
• Systems thinking
• Personal mastery
• Mental models
• Building shared vision
• Team learning

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Contemporary Management Famous Authors

• Steven Covey
• The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People
• Habit 1 Be Proactive Principles of Personal
  Vision
• Habit 2 Begin with the End in Mind Principles
  of Personal Leadership
• Habit 3 Put First Things First Principles of
  Personal Management
• Habit 4 Think Win/Win Principles of
  Interpersonal Leadership
• Habit 5 Seek First to Understand, Then to be
  Understood Principles of Empathetic
  Communication
• Habit 6 Synergize Principles of Creative
  Communication
• Habit 7 Sharpen the Saw Principles of Balanced
  Self-Renewal

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Contemporary Management Famous Authors

• Tom Peters
• In Search of Excellence Lessons from America's
  Best Run Companies
• 1) A bias for action,
• 2) Staying close to the customer,
• 3) Autonomy and entrepreneurship,
• 4) Productivity through people,
• 5) Hands-on, value driven,
• 6) Stick to the knitting,
• 7) Simple form, lean staff, and
• 8) Simultaneous loose-tight properties.

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Contemporary Management Famous Authors

• Michael Hammer
• Re-engineering the corporation
• Scott Adams
• Dilbert comic strip
• Michael Porter
• Strategic Management and Strategy Theory
• Peter Drucker
• Management By Objectives
• Thomas Friedman
• The World Is Flat A Brief History of the
  Twenty-First Century

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Discussion Questions

• Compare the impacts of Industrial Revolution with
  the Information Revolution.
• Could you identify some other issues and
  challenges faced in todays engineering
  management fields?
• Could you identify some other famous authors who
  are influencing management practices of today?