1500

1
1500s - 1600s
Ch 14

• Exploration and Colonization of the Americas
• Population and Economic Changes
• Rise of Strong Monarchs in England and France
• Height of the Spanish Empire
• Central and Eastern Europe
• Holy Roman Empire
• Poland
• Ottoman Empire
• Machiavellis ideas on Politics (The Prince)

2
Exploration of Americas

• God, Glory and Gold
• Why sudden urge to explore? (5)
• From Antwerp to Amsterdam

3
Explorers

• Sailing for Portugal
• Bartholomew Dias - rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487
• Vasco da Gama - reaches India
• For Spain
• Columbus - America
• Magellan - circumnavigates globe

4
Who conquered whom?

• Aztec Hernando Cortes
• Inca Francisco Pizarro

How?
Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond
5
Results of Exploration and Colonization

• Exploration and colonization of the Americas will
  have an/a
• economic
• political
• social - Columbian Exchange
• intellectual
• impact on European.

6
Spanish Colonial Economy

• Exploitive, extractive, mercantilist policies
• Encomienda
• Repartimiento
• Debt Peonage

7
Spanish Colonies

• Government
• King
• Council of Indies
• audiencias
• Viceroys - viceroyalties
• Religion
• Roman Catholicism - Jesuits

8
Spanish Society

• Peninsulares
• Creoles
• Mulatos and Mestizos
• Indians and. . . .
• slaves after de las Casas. . .

9
Critics of Treatment of Indians

• Bartolome de las Casas 1515 Black Legend
• Michel de Montaigne On Cannibals 1560

Christian Humanism - convert and civilize
10
Slavery and slave tradedominated by....

• Portugal and Spain in 16th century
• Dutch in 17th century
• British - late 17th and early 18th century
• Peak of slave trade 18th century
• Why? sugar production in West Indies and Brazil
  very profitable

11
The NetherlandsThe Dutch - Holland

• Why 1 commercial power of 17th c?
• innovations in commerce and maritime technology
• geography
• culture

Rembrandt
12
Mercantilism

• protectionist laws - tariffs
• monopolies
• embraced by all types of governments absolutist
  republic, constitutional monarchy

13
New economic theories

• mercantilism - adopted by rulers
• capitalism - adopted by entrepreneurs

14
Commercial Revolution

• Changes in commerce and trade occurring in the
  16th and 17th century as a result of the
  discovery of the Americas

15
What does Commercial Rev bring?

• new trading center
• triangular trade
• price revolution - inflation
• rise of capitalists - capitalism
• new banking and commercial practices
• banking
• bill of exchange
• joint stock companies

16
Rise of Strong Monarchsin 16th and 17th century?
WEST France England Spain Italy
Central/East Holy Roman Empire Hungary Poland Ott
oman Empire
17
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18
Machiavellis The Prince

• soldiers v. mercenaries standing armies
• It is better to be feared than loved, if one must
  choose.
• A Prince should be both a lion and a fox a fox
  to discern toils and a lion to drive off wolves