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Causes of the Great War / The War to End All Wars

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Title: Causes of the Great War / The War to End All Wars


1
Causes of the Great War / The War to End All Wars
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Europe at its peak
  • Industrial revolution at it peak
  • Most technologically advanced continent on earth
  • Wealthiest society
  • 25 of the world population lived in Europe
  • Modernization led to sense that Europeans were at
    the peak of the world
  • Lead to feeling of superiority

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Imperialism
  • Building up of colonies
  • To maintain a strong industrial economy
  • Carved out over seas empires
  • Needed raw materials
  • Market for finished products

Political Cartoon of Britains imperialism in
Africa
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Militarism
  • Building up of arms
  • Glorification of war and increase in military
    spending
  • Germany competed against Englands navel
    superiority

6
Nationalism
  • Great sense of patriotism leads to feeling of
    invincibility
  • Pride in ones country or aspiring to becomes
    ones own country
  • Germany and Italy had only recently become
    united, independent countries
  • Many different countries torn by tensions of
    different nationalist groups
  • Serbians living in realm of A/H

7
System of Alliances
  • Last ingredient needed
  • Secret alliances
  • Web of treaties to protect themselves
  • Triple Alliance
  • Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire
  • Triple Entente
  • France, Russia and Great Britain

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One Thing lead to another
  • Events that led to the 'Great War
  • a name that had been touted even before the
    coming of the conflict

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  • Austria-Hungary
  • unsatisfied with Serbia's response to her
    ultimatum declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.

11
  • Russia
  • bound by treaty to Serbia
  • mobilization of its army in her defense
  • a slow process that would take around six weeks
    to complete. 

The Enemy is at the Gate
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  • Germany
  • allied to Austria-Hungary by treaty
  • viewed the Russian mobilization as an act of war
    against Austria-Hungary
  • declared war on Russia on 1st of August

13
  • France
  • bound by treat to Russia
  • war against Germany and, by extension, on
    Austria-Hungary
  • Germany
  • invaded neutral Belgium so as to reach Paris by
    the shortest possible route.

The French Infantry in the Battle
14
  • Britain
  • allied to France declared war against Germany on
    4th of August 
  • obligated to defend neutral Belgium by the terms
    of a 75-year old treaty  

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  • With Britain's entry
  • her colonies and dominions abroad offered
    military and financial assistance
  • Australia Canada
  • India
  • New Zealand
  • Union of South Africa.

Canadian Propaganda Poster
16
  • Japan
  • honoring a military agreement with Britain
  • Declared war on Germany on 23 August 1914
  • Two days later Austria-Hungary responded by
    declaring war on Japan

17
  • Italy
  • committed to defend Germany and Austria-Hungary
    only in the event of a 'defensive' war arguing
    that their actions were 'offensive'
  • declared instead a policy of neutrality
  • The following year joined the conflict on the
    side of the Allies

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  • United States
  • President Woodrow Wilson declared absolute
    neutrality
  • when Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine
    warfare - threatened America's commercial
    shipping
  • U.S entered the war on April 6, 1917

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Weapons of the Great War The War to End All
Wars
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German Plan
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French Plan
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Result of Weapons Trench Warfare
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Bayonet
  • Originally a defensive weapon against cavalry
    charge
  • Rarely attempted until the enemy was retreating
  • Use of rifles give infantrymen firepower
  • Now used as a personal offensive weapon
  • Primary close combat weapon used during trench
    warfare
  • Machine guns undermined the bayonet effectivness
    by an advancing army

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Big Bertha Howitzer
  • Fire a 2,200 lb shell over 9 miles
  • Transported by tractors
  • Took 200 man crew over six hours to re-assemble

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Flamethrower
  • Idea was to spread fire by launching burning fuel
  • Designed for portable use, carried by a single
    man
  • Belched forth a stream of burning oil for 36
    meters
  • Used mostly to clear forward defenders during the
    start of an attack
  • Often times the cylinder exploded dangerous job!

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Grenades
  • Many types of grenades were used
  • Called Mills bomb
  • Serrated so that when it detonated it broke into
    many fragments (fragmentation bomb)
  • Remove safety pin while holding down the strike
    lever, and throw
  • Had four seconds to get out of the way
  • Over 100 million were thrown during the Great War

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Machine Gun
  • Positioned on a flat tripod
  • Required a gun crew of 4-6 men
  • Fire 400-600 small caliber rounds per min
  • This figure doubled by wars end
  • Worth as many as 60-100 rifles
  • A fearsome defensive weapon
  • Enemy infantry assaults were costly
  • Toward war end lighter models were being used a
    offensive weapons as well

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The Mortar
  • A short stumpy tube designed to fire a projectile
    at a steep angle
  • Higher then 45 degrees so that is falls straight
    down on the enemy
  • Why would this be ideally suited for trench
    warfare?

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Poison Gas
  • Debut in the 2nd battle of Ypres April 1915
  • Yellow-green cloud
  • Destroyed the victims respiratory organs
  • First use provoked widespread condemnation
  • Damaged Germans relations with neutral countries
    (US)
  • Other side used it and poison gas usage escalated
    for remainder of the war

38
German infantry man
French men loading up gas container
39
Rifle
  • the rifle, which remained the most crucial,
    ever-present infantry weapon throughout The Great
    War
  • the advent of automatic and semiautomatic weapons
    waited until the last year of the war
  • eight to twelve rounds per minute
  • 15 rounds per minute achieved by riflemen of the
    British Expeditionary Force
  • range, the average during the war was around
    1,400 meters
  • accuracy could only be guaranteed at around 600
    meters

40
The Springfield, manufactured in the U.S. (at
Springfield, Massachusetts), was the standard
wartime rifle of the U.S. army
41
Tank
  • 15th September 1916 first used in battle by the
    British
  • early tanks proved notoriously unreliable
  • often broke down and became ditched - i.e. stuck
    in a muddy trench
  • Conditions for the tank crews
  • heat was tremendous
  • fumes often nearly choked the men
  • Tanks design improved
  • British, French and US made them, Germany never
    were convinced of their effectiveness

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Losses of the Great Wareach symbol 100,000
deaths
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