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Title: An%20Introduction%20to:%20The%20Aeneid%20and%20


1
An Introduction toThe Aeneidand Augustus and
the Principate
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  • T. Tiemermsa
  • LVV-4U1

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Takes most of the period.
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Publius Vergilius Maro
  • Studied rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy at
    early age
  • Abandoned those pursuits to study philosophy
  • Spellings and variations of names
  • a. Virgil
  • b. Vergil
  • c. Virgilius

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Livius Codex
6
Augustus the Principate
You do not have to copy all of this information.
  • Another Level to the Aeneid
  • (Some background information)

7
A National Poem
  • Written at a time of optimism, to represent a new
    and exciting time.
  • It gave the Romans an equivalent to Homer and
    explored what they were like, what they should be
    like and what they could achieve.
  • The majority of Virgils life, Rome was in a
    period of civil war, or civil war was around the
    corner.
  • The Aeneid combines the Homeric age, with the
    Augustan period, merging myth with historical
    fact.
  • IMPORTANT
  • Virgil manages to include the past, present, and
    future, in a way that we do not see in Homer,
    through the use of prophecy, myth, Roman legends,
    and finally, Stoic (virtue is sufficient for
    happiness) philosophy used by the humans and
    gods in the poem

8
A Brief History of Rome
  • After the founding of Rome, there were seven
    kings most were Etruscan
  • The last king was ousted by Brutus and the
    Republic was created in 509 B.C.
  • The Romans were very proud of the way Rome was
    run and feared those who sought absolute power.

This was the problem with Caesar.
9
Social Unrest and RevoltBefore the Death of
Caesar
  • Emergence of the
  • First Triumvirate
  • Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
  • Crassus killed by Parthians 53 BCE
  • Senate support of Pompey versus Caesar
  • Crossing the Rubicon civil war b/t Pompey and
    Caesar
  • Defeat of Pompey
  • Caesar made dictator 47 BCE

Julius Caesar
10
Julius Caesar Initiates Reforms
  • Adopts Egyptian solar calendar Julian Calendar
    with 365 days (July)
  • Libraries, Theatres, Public Works
  • Citizenship to people in Gaul and Spain

11
Assassination
  • Killed by senatorial opponents (led by Brutus and
    Cassius hailed as saviours of the Republic)
  • Instigated by his usurpation of power and their
    fear that he would become emperor
  • Died March 15, 44 BC
  • Stabbed by 20 senators
  • Brutus and Cassius

12
  • After Caesar dies
  • At this point Octavian (Caesars nephew) returned
    to Rome to claim his inheritance
  • Octavian returns with Marc Antony and fights a
    civil war against Brutus and Cassius.

Suetonius wrote Octavian showed no mercy to
his beaten enemies. He sent Brutus head to Rome
to be thrown at the feet of Caesars statue.
Brutus and Cassius are defeated!
13
The Second Triumvirate
OCTAVIAN ANTONY LEPIDUS
  • There is another possibility of civil war with
    Antony over leadership, but Octavian splits the
    empire three ways between himself, Antony, and
    Lepidus -

14
Tension between Octavian and Antony
  • Tension rises with Antony and Octavian but Antony
    marries Octavians sister
  • Lepidus and Octavian fall out Octavian now has
    complete power over the west, whilst Antony has
    the East.
  • Antony had been living in the East with
    Cleopatra, who had an illegitimate son with
    Caesar called Caesarion, Antony called him King
    of Kings direct attack on Octavians
    inheritance.
  • Octavian used this to portray Antony as a
    defector from Rome, who had created an
    independent Eastern Empire.

15
  • When senators loyal to Antony attack Augustus in
    the senate, Augustus reacts so strongly that they
    flee to Egypt.
  • Augustus then claimed that they were setting up
    their own senate in Egypt.
  • Octavian then seized Antonys will and published
    it within it Antony stated he wanted to be
    buried next to Cleopatra in Egypt
  • Octavian showed this to be a betrayal of Rome and
    his sister, and waged war against Cleopatra not
    another civil war.

16
Battle of Actium
  • Cleopatra and Antony were easily defeated in
    Egypt.
  • They both committed suicide and their son and
    Caesarion were killed by Octavian.
  • Octavian had now become the single most powerful
    man in the Roman world and had to protect his
    position.
  • Aware of the Romans feelings about dictatorship
    Octavian did everything he could to show he did
    not want absolute power.
  • If he was ever bestowed with honours, he made it
    appear as though it was the senates idea and
    often refused.
  • He even claimed he would resign at one point, and
    the senate fearing another civil war (by those
    who sought his position) begged him to stay.

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Empire
  • Octavian restores power to the Senate
  • Awarded titles of Augustus and imperator
  • Expands into Balkans, Germany
  • Establishes Praetorian Guard

Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
19
The Customs of the Ancestors
  • More power than any other citizen, yet no one
    could claim he wanted to be king or dictator.
  • Augustus - return to the golden age, or
    returning to the mos maiorum, customs of the
    ancestors.
  • Long period of civil war, the Romans were
    optimistic and believed Augustus could save them.
  • Augustus promoted piety, marriage, proper
    behaviour, peace, family life and started a
    building regime.

20
Augustan Propaganda
  • Augustus presented himself as the ideal Roman
    citizen pietas, auctoritas (like Aeneas)
  • He wanted to be viewed as a father to the Roman
    people and under Maecenas, his friend, many poets
    were encouraged to write pro Augustan
    literature.
  • Maecenas supported and influenced struggling
    poets.
  • This literature highlighted and praised Augustus
    ideals, e.g. Horaces ode on the battle of Actium.

21
The Aeneid
  • Virgil attempted to write an epic both showing
    the greatness of the Roman race (and what they
    could become) and linking the hero with their
    hero Augustus.
  • The legend was developed, made more well known
    and used to highlight a link between Augustus and
    both Aeneas and the gods.
  • Augustus is represented as the culmination of
    years of history and his rule is made to appear
    fated.
  • He would make Rome glorious again.

22
I. The Aeneid
Refer to the Fill-in-the-blank section.
  • written in 12 books in Homeric fashion (it is an
    EPIC)
  • not like the Iliad (an inherited part of Greek
    national consciousness)
  • it was a deliberate attempt to glorify the nation
    and to elaborate on the ideals and achievements
    of the Roman state under its first emperor,
    Augustus
  • it was a work of Imperial PROPAGANDA
  • all events of the Roman past (esp. the civil
    wars) found their fulfillment in the peaceful and
    prosperous age of Augustus
  • it is a legendary narrative a story about the
    imagined origin of the Roman nation in times long
    before the foundation of Rome itself

23
Virgils Masterpiece
  • Virgil spent 11 years on this poem, but
    unfortunately died before he was finished (20-22
    unfinished lines)
  • He wanted the poem to be burnt, but the emperor
    Augustus would not allow this and had it
    published after his death.
  • The poem is now over 2000 years old and is still
    considered to be one of the greatest poems ever
    written

24
II. Opening Lines
  • ARMA VIRUMQUE CANO
  • I sing of arms and the hero
  • The first 6 books, roughly, of the Aeneid relate
    Aeneas's-- 'the man's'-- wanderings after the
    fall of Troy, just as Homer's Odyssey narrates
    Odysseus's various peregrinations on his return
    voyage home. The last six books, concern the
    bloodshed and battle-- 'weapons'-- which greet
    Aeneas in his quest to found a new city on the
    coast of Italy.

25
  • Next, Virgil invokes the muse.
  • I pray for inspiration.
  • Vergil enlists the muse of Epic, Calliope, as a
    companion in the enterprise of recalling Aeneas'
    story. Vergil singles out Juno, queen of the
    gods, as the impetus for the events leading to
    both Aeneas' fantastic voyage and subsequent
    warfare it is her wounded numen, her injured
    sense of self as a goddess and supernatural
    being, that spurs her vendetta against the mortal
    Aeneas, and which turns the wheels of the divine
    machinery omnipresent in the epic.

26
First 11 Lines, Dactylic Hexameter Scanned
27
  • After which, he poses an epic question.
  • Is it in a gods nature to nurse an abiding
    fury?
  • In other words
  • Can divine beings have such enormous wrath?
  • The final line-- "can immortal souls indeed
    harbor such terrible wrath?"-- is a novel twist
    to a prologue, a sudden anxious query on the part
    of the narrator about the ramifications of the
    story which he causing to be told. It is true
    enough that the story of Aeneas may be seen as a
    triumphant tale Aeneas founds the city that
    shall, in time, become the most powerful in the
    western world. But throughout his journey Aeneas
    encounters so much wrath, ira, both from mortals
    Dido, Turnus, Mezentius and immortals Juno,
    Aeolus' winds, Allecto that this violent,
    intemperate force threatens to color darkly our
    view of the poem.

28
III. Characters
  • AENEAS
  • son of Venus and Anchises
  • husband of Creusa
  • father of Ascanius
  • leader of the Trojan quest for a new homeland
  • Trojan prince, allied to, but not descended from
    Priam

TROY
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  • ASCANIUS
  • son of Aeneas and Creusa
  • founder of Alba Longa
  • also called IULIUS to relate him to the Julian
    family of Julius Caesar and Augustus
  • DIDO
  • daughter of Belus, King of Tyre (Phoenicia)
  • her husband, Sychaeus, was murdered by her
    brother, Pygmalion
  • she was warned in a dream by Sychaeus to escape
    (went to Libya) and founded Carthage

31
IV. Stock Epithets
  • Aeneas, the great of heart
  • steadfast, Aeneas
  • Aeneas, the true
  • Aeneas, son of a goddess
  • Juno, the generous
  • Juno, Queen of all the divine
  • Venus, the kind life giver
  • Venus, the Cytherean (Cythera island near
    Greece where she was worshipped)

32
V. Epic Similies
  • picture of Neptune calming a storm Neptune is
    like a statesman calming a noisy assembly
  • when Aeneas comes to Carthage, he compares the
    workmen to bees
  • Queen Dido is likened to Diana
  • When the mist around Aeneas dissolved, he is
    likened to a work of art in ivory or in gold and
    silver

33
VI. Rules of Conduct
  • Avoid Excess the Aeneid depicts many examples
    of thoughtless excess leading to disaster (esp.
    when someone is carried too far by an exclusive
    love for some person or thing)
  • Be True loyal to the gods, to the homeland,
    and to family, friends, and dependents i.e.,
    Aeneas, the True

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Aeneas arrives at Carthage
40
Banquet with Dido at her Palace
41
Venus sends Cupid to Dido
42
Dido Meets Ascanius
43
Aeneas Relates his Story to Dido
44
Hector Appears to Aeneas in a Dream Save
Yourself!
45
Close-up
46
Creusa tries to Restrain Aeneas
47
Aeneas Gets his Family
48
Anchises holds the household gods
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50
You follow behind, Woman
51
Creusa, if you keep on dancing, youre going to
get lost!
52
Hey, where are you Creusa?Gee, she was right
behind me!
53
Trojan Refugees at the Shore
54
Penates to AeneasLeave Crete, Its not the
Destined Land!
55
The Cyclopes at Sicily
56
Aeneas and Followers Flee Cyclopes
57
Dido Shows Carthage to Aeneas
58
Scenes from the Year spent with Dido
59
Aeneas and Achates Building Carthage
60
Aeneas and Dido in their Marriage Cave
61
A False Marriage
62
Dido Burns with Love for Aeneas
63
Mercury Calls on Aeneas
64
Dido confronts Aeneas and Begs Him to Stay
65
Aeneas sails from Carthage
66
Dido Watching Aeneas Leave
67
Dido Abandoned
68
Dido Prepares for Suicide
69
Dido Commits Suicide
70
The Funeral Pyre
71
The People of Carthage Lament the Death of Dido
72
Farewell to Dido
73
Aeneas has Left Carthage
74
Funeral Games for Anchises at Drepanum, Sicily
75
The Boxing Contest
76
Aeneas and Men Sail Past Scylla and Charybdis
77
Passage to the Sibyls Cave
78
Descent to the Underworld
79
Venus Disguised as Huntress
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These people work like bees!
82
Historical Accuracy
  • 1. Primarily, story is fiction
  • a. No Trojans or Greeks settled in Latium in
    12th Century BC
  • b. First signs of civilization are from much
    later
  • c. Ethnically, Romans a are blend of
    Etruscans and local peoples in the Italian
    region (not Greek or Trojan)

83
Aeneas and Sibyl sacrificing to gods of the
underworld.
  • 2. Influenced heavily by Homers Iliad (which
    is based on at least some fact) and Odyssey (but
    Aeneid is still distinct more to come on that
    later)
  • 3. References to events and people from
    centuries just preceding composition are accurate
  • 4. Although difficult to determine for certain,
    seems that Romans saw as a fictionalized account
    of true events

84
  • Shared Characteristics with Homeric epics
  • 1. Considered literary or secondary epic (to
    set apart from primitive or primary epics, like
    Homers)
  • a. Shows that Homers works were oral,
    improvisational
  • b. Virgils created in the epic tradition but
    written and designed to be read rather than
    recited

Circe transforms Aeneas and men into beasts.
Aeneid 8.10.
85
  • 2. No repetition of formulas (as in Homeric
    works) but imitation of Homeric language
  • 3. Similar heroic characteristics, though they
    do differ in some ways
  • a. Homer celebrates individualism (i.e.
    Achilles)
  • b. Virgil celebrates working within society
    and sophistication

Trojans crown Latinus king. Detail. Aeneid
7.195ff.
86
  • Book 12
  • Recurring and Descriptive Language
  • Iliad (swift for Achilles, etc.)
  • Aeneid (furor and furere verb form--also
    symbolic)
  • Recurring images
  • Iliad (fire, gods speaking directly to humans,
    gore)
  • Aeneid (snakes, wounds, fire, hunting, storms)

Venus and Neptune. Aeneid 5.216.
87
Differences from Homeric epics
  • 1. Symbolism is not as evident in Homeric works
  • 2. Symbolism and symbolic meaning important in
    Aeneid (especially in reference to Roman history
    and current events)

Trojan Horse. Aeneid 2.67ff.
88
  • a. Aeneas journey to found Rome follows to link
    with Octavian/Augustus
  • b. Destruction of Troy and wanderings of Aeneas
    history of Rome in 1st century B.C. (collapse of
    the Republic, creation of peace/order by Augustus
    via creation of the Empire)

Aeneas' voyage from Delos to Naxos. Aeneid
3.124ff.
89
  • c. Civil war between Trojans and Italian
    allies Roman civil wars (Brutus and Cassius v.
    Mark Antony, Octavian/Augustus, and Lepidus and
    Mark Antony v. Octavian/Augustus)
  • d. Aeneas relationship with Dido Mark
    Antonys relationship with Cleopatra

Dido reproaches Aeneas. Detail. Aeneid 4.305.
Horrible History clip MA and C
90
Penates appear to Aeneas in a dream. Detail.
Aeneid 3.147.
  • 3. Philosophical basis in Aeneid is not present
    in Homeric epics
  • a. Use of stoicism
  • i. School of thought teaching that
    self-control, moral/emotional strength, and
    detachment from distracting emotions would make
    one a clear thinker, unemotional, and unbiased
  • ii. Developed in Hellenistic period

91
  • iii. Very popular among educated elite at the
    time
  • iv. Relies on jus naturale (natural law) some
    things are just because they arei.e. All men
    are created equal based on We hold these
    truths to be self-evident, which would be
    included and influential on Christianity

Latinus' farewell to Trojan ambasssadors. Aeneid
7.274.
92
  • b. Examples
  • i. Connection between fate and founding of Rome
    (Book 1)
  • ii. Preference by Zeus for Roman race (Book 1)
  • iii. Anchises discussion of nature and human
    existence (Book 6)

Sow with 30 pigs. Detail. Aeneid 8.68.
93
Assigned Task
Watch Video Clip Located on the Class
website Aeneas Narration
  • Read The Adventures of Aeneas
  • in
  • Edith Hamiltons Mythology
  • and
  • answer the accompanying questions.
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