Rocks and the Rock Cycle:

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Rocks and the Rock Cycle
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Rocks and the Rock Cycle

• Can rocks change from one type to another?

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What is a rock?
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What is a rock?

• A rock is a solid, naturally occurring chunk in
  the lithosphere that was melted, cemented, or
  pressed together.

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What is a rock?

• A rock is a solid, naturally occurring chunk in
  the lithosphere that was melted, cemented, or
  pressed together.
• May or may not contain minerals.

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Classifying rocks
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Classifying rocks

• Texture Texture is a rocks grain structure.

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Classifying rocks

• Texture Texture is a rocks grain structure.
• Geologists break up a rocks grain structure
  into three categories.

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Classifying rocks

• Texture Texture is a rocks grain structure.
• Geologists break up a rocks grain structure
  into three categories.
• Grain size

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Fine grain Slate
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Coarse grain Diorite
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No visible grain Flint
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Classifying rocks

• Texture Texture is a rocks grain structure.
• Geologists break up a rocks grain structure
  into three categories.
• Grain size
• Grain shape

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Rounded grain Conglomerate
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Jagged grain Breccia
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Classifying rocks

• Texture Texture is a rocks grain structure.
• Geologists break up a rocks grain structure
  into three categories.
• Grain size
• Grain shape
• Grain pattern

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Non-banded grain Quartzite
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Banded grain Gneiss
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Types of Rocks

• Igneous rocks

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Types of igneous rocks Basalt
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Types of igneous rocks Obsidian
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Types of Rocks

• Igneous rocks This type forms from the cooling
  of magma or lava.

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Types of Rocks

• Igneous rocks This type forms from the cooling
  of magma or lava.
• Extrusive igneous rocks Formed from lava that
  hardened on the surface of the Earth.

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Extrusive igneous Rhyolite
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Types of Rocks

• Igneous rocks This type forms from the cooling
  of magma or lava.
• Extrusive igneous rocks Formed from lava that
  hardened on the surface of the Earth.
• Intrusive igneous rocks Formed from magma that
  hardened beneath the surface of the Earth.

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Intrusive igneous Porphyry
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Igneous rocks Pumice
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Types of Rocks

• Sedimentary rocks

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Types of Rocks

• Sedimentary rocks This type forms when particles
  of other rocks or the remains of plants and
  animals are pressed and cemented together.

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Types of Rocks

• Sedimentary rocks This type forms when particles
  of other rocks or the remains of plants and
  animals are pressed and cemented together.
• Clastic Made of small rocks squeezed together.

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Clastic Sedimentary rocks Shale
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Types of Rocks

• Sedimentary rocks This type forms when particles
  of other rocks or the remains of plants and
  animals are pressed and cemented together.
• Clastic Made of small rocks squeezed together.
• Organic Made of the remains of plants or animals.

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Organic sedimentary rocks Coquina
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Types of Rocks

• Sedimentary rocks This type forms when particles
  of other rocks or the remains of plants and
  animals are pressed and cemented together.
• Clastic Made of small rocks squeezed together.
• Organic Made of the remains of plants or
  animals.
• Chemical Made of minerals that are dissolved in
  a solution and crystallize.

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Chemical sedimentary rocks Tufa
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Types of Rocks

• Metamorphic rocks Formed from any rock by heat
  and pressure deep beneath the Earths surface.

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Types of Rocks

• Metamorphic rocks Formed from any rock by heat
  and pressure deep beneath the Earths surface.
• Foliated rocks Grains arranged in parallel
  layers or bands.

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Foliated rocks Phyllite
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Types of Rocks

• Metamorphic rocks Formed from any rock by heat
  and pressure deep beneath the Earths surface.
• Foliated rocks Grains arranged in parallel
  layers or bands.
• Non-foliated rocks Grains are arranged randomly.

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Non-foliated rocks Hornfels
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Volcanic activity       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Melting       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Erosion       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Deposition                    
  Heat and Pressure                    
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
                       
                       
                       
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
                       
                       
                       
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
 
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Volcanic activity       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Melting       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Erosion       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Deposition                    
  Heat and Pressure                    
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
                       
                       
                       
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
                       
                       
                       
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
 
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Volcanic activity       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Melting       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Erosion       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Deposition                    
  Heat and Pressure                    
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
                       
                       
                       
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
                       
                       
                       
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
 
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Volcanic activity       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Melting       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Erosion       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Deposition                    
  Heat and Pressure                    
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
                       
                       
                       
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
                       
                       
                       
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
 
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Volcanic activity       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Melting       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Erosion       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Deposition                    
  Heat and Pressure                    
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
                       
                       
                       
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
                       
                       
                       
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
 
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Volcanic activity       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Melting       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Erosion       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Deposition                    
  Heat and Pressure                    
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
                       
                       
                       
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
                       
                       
                       
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
 
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Volcanic activity       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Melting       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Erosion       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Deposition                    
  Heat and Pressure                    
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
                       
                       
                       
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
                       
                       
                       
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
 
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Volcanic activity       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Melting       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Erosion       The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle  
  Deposition                    
  Heat and Pressure                    
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
            Sediment Sediment Sediment      
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
    Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Igneous Rock              
                       
                       
                       
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
                  Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
  Magma and Lava Magma and Lava Magma and Lava                
                       
                       
                       
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
          Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock        
 
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Minerals
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Minerals

• What are minerals and what do they look like?

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Rocks vs. Minerals

• May contain minerals.
• May contain organic substances.
• Are classified by the way they were formed.
• Occur naturally in the lithosphere as a chunk.

• Contain elements or combinations of elements in a
  specific ratio.
• Ex. Emerald is
• Be Al Si O
• May form crystals.
• Occurs naturally in the lithosphere as a chunk.