Key Issue 1:

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Chapter 3

• Key Issue 1
• Why do people migrate?

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Ravensteins Laws of Migration

• 19th century used data from England to outline a
  series of laws explaining patterns of migration
• Migration impacted by push/ pull factors
• Unfavorable conditions push people out of a place
• Attractive opportunities pull people to a place
• Economic factors are main cause of migration
• Most migrants move only short distance
• Each migration flow procedures a compensating
  counter-flow
• Long-distance migrants go to centers of commerce
  and industry (economic opportunity)
• Urban residents are less migratory than those
  from rural areas
• Factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic
  level influence likelihood to migrate

• Three categories
• Why migrants move
• Distance they typically move
• Characteristics of migrants

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Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction

• Applied to migration
• Larger places attract more migrants than smaller
  places do.
• Destinations that are more distant have a weaker
  pull effect than do closer opportunities if the
  same caliber.
• Aka closer places attract more migrants than more
  distant places.
• Mathematically
• Multiplication of two populations divided by the
  distance b/w them

• Gravity Model proposes an equation that balances
  distance and size in trying to predict spatial
  patterns
• Limitations
• Does not factor selectivity factors
• Age
• Education level
• Human behavior does not always fit into predicted
  patterns

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Terms

• Migration
• long-distance move to a new location
• Emigration
• moving from a particular location (
  out-migration)
• Immigration
• moving to a particular location (in-migration)
• Migration Stream
• Pathway from a place of origin to a destination
• Migration counterstream people moving back to
  the place of origin from the new place
• Gross Migration
• total of migrants moving into and out of a
  place, region, or country.

• Net Migration
• gain or loss in the total population of that area
  as a result of migration.
• Net in-migration
• More immigrants than emigrants
• Net out-migration
• More emigrants than immigrants
• Mobility
• ability to move from one place to another, either
  permanently or temporarily.
• Circulation
• short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements
  that recur on a regular basis, such as daily,
  monthly, or annually.

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Why is it important?

• Data has social, political, and economic
  consequences
• Out-mig. of highly trained professionals from
  Cuba, leaves Cuba with providing health care.
• Low-labor costs have drawn low-skilled in-migrant
  workers
• Can cause political issues
• Example, the U.S. accusations that immigrants are
  stealing American jobs
• Geographers concerned with why people migrate
• Changing scale has had major implications on
  migration
• With globalization, why do people still migrate?

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I. Reasons for Migrating

• Most people migrate for economic reasons
• Cultural and Environmental factors also induce
  migration
• Not as frequent as economic factors

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PUSH/PULL FACTORS

• A push factor induces people to move out of their
  present location
• A pull factor induces people to move into a new
  location
• Three kinds of push/pull factors
• Economic
• Cultural
• Environmental

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Economic Push/Pull Factors

• Push Factors
• Not enough job opportunities
• Pull Factors
• Areas with lots of natural resources
• Job opportunities
• Areas like US and Canada attracted immigrants
  because of economic opportunities
• American dream
• Places that one people emigrated from, like
  Scotland, are now immigration hot spots due to
  new natural resources discovered.

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Cultural Push/Pull Factors

• Forced international Migration
• Slavery
• Political instability

• Recent Example
• Lebanese and Kurds
• Scattered due to war and civil strife
• Lebanon lost a large of population to
  migrations
• Kurds never established autonomous state
• Many left due to military aggression, and
  persecution
• Other examples
• Jews
• Deportation of Armenians after WWI
• Palestinians after establishment of Israel.

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Environmental Factors

• Pull Factors
• Attractive locations
• Mediterranean coast of France
• Alps
• Rocky Mountains
• climate
• Arizona
• people with Asthma, allergies
• Flordia
• beach, warm winters
• Thanks to improved technology people can live
  anywhere
• Air conditioning
• Transportation
• communications

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Environmental Push Factors

• Adverse physical conditions
• Flooding
• Hurricane Katrina
• Natural Disaster
• Japanese earthquake
• Nuclear radiation
• Irish Potato Famine
• Drought
• Great Depression Migration
• Sahel region of Northern Africa

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Great Depression Migration
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Intervening Obstacles

• Where migrants go is not always their desired
  destination
• Blocked by intervening obstacle
• In the past, mainly environmental
• Migration was on horse or foot
• example people trying to reach California during
  the gold rush often couldnt cross Rocky
  Mountains, Great plains, or desert.
• European Migration to America hindered by
  crossing the Atlantic Ocean
• Sometime were told they were going to America,
  but werent taken there!!

• Today
• Transportation allows for more migration
• Trains, cars, airplanes
• More political issues
• Passports
• documentation

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II. Distance of Migration

• Ravensteins laws
• Most migrants relocate short distance and remain
  within same country
• Long-distance migrants to other countries head
  for major centers of economic activity

• Migration
• Internal migration
• Movement within a country
• Types
• Interregional
• Intraregional
• International migration
• Permanent movement from country to country
• Voluntary/ Forced
• Voluntary- choice to move
• Forced- pushed from land

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Internal Migration

• Permanent movement within the same country
• Shorter distances
• Easier cultural assimilation

• Two Types
• Interregional
• movement from one region to another region within
  the same country
• From Bluffton, SC to Boston, Mass)
• Intraregional
• movement within one region
• From a city to suburb
• Example
• From Bluffton, SC to Hilton Head, SC

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Historical Internal Migration U.S.

• 1st wave
• Westward settlement
• Manifest destiny
• From Eastern seaboard to West Coast
• Rural-to-urban
• Industrialization cause
• New jobs

• 2nd wave
• 1940s- 1970s
• African-Americans migrating from rural south
• To cities in South, North, and West
• Mechanization of cotton
• Defense jobs (WWI, WWII)
• 3rd wave
• Cold War jobs
• Emergence of Sunbelt
• West/ Mid-west growth too
• Economic opportunity
• Air conditioning
• Cheap land

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Internal Forced Migration

• Trail of Tears Cherokee Indians forced to leave
  Georgia for Oklahoma
• China
• Maos cultural revolution
• 10-17 million
• South Africa
• Apartheid, 1960-1980
• 3.6 million

• Forced Eco-Migration
• Bangladesh floodplain settlement of 1960s
• Ethiopia famine of 1984-1985
• New Examples
• Yemen
• running out of water
• China
• desertification
• Louisiana/ Alaska
• rising sea levels

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International Migration

• Permanent movement from one country to another
• Two types
• Voluntary
• the migrant has chosen to move
• Economic reasons
• Forced
• migrant has been compelled to move by cultural
  factors

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International Voluntary Migration

• Usually occurs due to high wage differentials,
  job opportunities, family links, unemployment
  conditions, etc.
• Temporary labor migration- guest workers
• Transnational migrants set up homes and/or work
  in more than one nation-state
• Mexican migrants
• Asian migrants

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International Forced Migration Refugees

• Refugees are a case of forced migration
• Refugee
• People who have been forced to migrate from their
  homes and cannot return for fear of persecution
  because of their race, religion, nationality,
  membership in a social group, or political
  opinion.
• individuals who cross national boundaries to seek
  safety asylum
• 14 million refugees in 2007

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Refugees

• Large refugee movement from Central Asia and
  Afghanistan after Sept. 11th
• Two largest groups of international refugees
• Palestinians
• Afghans
• Two largest groups of internal refugees
• Sudan
• Colombia

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Major Regions of Refugees

• Europe
• Fall of Yugoslavia/ Balkans
• 7 million refugees
• Southeast Asia
• Vietnam
• Cambodia
• 30,000 refugees
• Burma/ Myanmar
• Dictatorial government
• South Asia
• Afghan refugees
• Sri Lanka
• 1 million

• Sub-Saharan Africa
• Tribal Ethnic Conflicts
• Rwanda, Congo
• Sudan
• Darfur
• Religious/ ethnic tensions
• War-related
• Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda, Liberia, Sierra Leone,
  Angola, and Burundi
• The Middle East
• Palestinians
• Kurds

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Internally Displaced Person

• IDPs
• Individuals who are uprooted within the
  boundaries of their own country because of global
  conflict or human rights abuse

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Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

• Identified by Wilbur Zelinsky
• Change in migration pattern in a society that
  results from social and economic changes that
  also produce the demographic transition.

• Stage 1
• High CBR/ High CDR
• Daily or seasonal mobility in search of food
• Searching for local necessities
• temporary
• Internal migration
• Stage 2
• High CBR/ dropping CDR
• High rate of Natural Increase
• Overtaxing resources/ limited opportunities push
  out immigrants
• Like decline in death rate, migration a result
  of technological change
• International Migration and Interregional
  Migration
• Rural areas to cities

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Migration Transition Model

• Stage 3 4
• Slowing growth rate
• Result of social change
• Fewer children
• Principal destinations for international
  migrants
• International Migration
• Societies in stage 3 4 become the destinations
  of migrations from stage 2 countries
• Stage 4 Less emigration, more intraregional
  migration
• From cities to suburbs

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III. Characteristics of Migrants

• Gender
• Ravensteins Laws
• Most long-distance migrants are male
• Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals
• Reality
• Reversed in 1990s women now 55 of U.S.
  immigrants
• Mexican Immigration
• Similar patterns
• Up until 1980s 85 of Mexican immigrants men
• Now women majority
• Family Status
• Most immigrants young adults
• Ravenstein right!
• 40 of U.S. immigrants today between 25-39 years
  old
• Increasing are children
• 16 under 15 years old

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Migration Selectivity

• Decision to migrate often fits into predictable
  pattern based on age, income, and other
  socio-economic factors
• Migration selectivity
• Evaluation of how likely someone is to migrate
  based on personal, social, and economic factors

• Age
• Most influential factor in migration selectivity
• Americans are most likely to move between 18 and
  30
• Education
• The more educated people are the more likely they
  are to make long-distance moves
• Brain-drain
• Educated people leave
• KY- Appalachian region
• Brain-gain