Why Britannica Created the Modern World. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 90
About This Presentation
Title:

Why Britannica Created the Modern World.

Description:

Diamond suggest geography was the chief determinant in European ascendency. ... taking control of choke points along their trade route: Egypt, Yemen, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:193
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 91
Provided by: Whe95
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Why Britannica Created the Modern World.


1
Why Britannica Created the Modern World.
2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
Britain, Acholi, Amin, Obote
6
Statement? True or False
  • Every great period of advancement in civilization
    is preceded by advancements in transportation
    and/or communications.

7
Thomas Friedman
  • Postulates the world is getting Hotter, Flatter
    and more crowded.
  • By Flatter he means closer together in terms of
    communications and transportation.

8
Adam Smith Father of Modern Economics
  • Wealth of Nations
  • Government interference in economic systems harm
    them.
  • Looked at the relationship Between Supply and
    Demand.
  • The value of Outputs must exceed the cost of
    inputs to make production viable.

9
Adam Smith
  • Price is a function of utility (does it do
    something people want/need)
  • Scarcity (how much of the stuff is there
  • Utility, Scarcity, demand and price affects each
    other.
  • Think about Electric cars?

10
Adam Smith
  • Left to itself, economic forces will be guided by
    an invisible hand to make supply and demand
    seek stability

11
Hopefully the price of the outputs exceeds the
cost of your inputs
  • Inputs
  • Capital (money)
  • Management
  • Labor
  • Raw Materials
  • Machines
  • Energy
  • Transportation (infrastructure)
  • Research and Development.
  • TAXES
  • Profit
  • OutputsProduct or Services

12
Increased Efficiencies lowers cost of inputs
  • Efficiencies include
  • Educated labor force.
  • Machinery (reduces labor cost, better quality)
  • Infrastructure
  • Economy of Scale the more you make of something,
    the smaller the cost for each unit.
  • -what if each item of clothes you wore were
    hand made?

13
1800
  • Most people lived in one room, maybe two.
  • Cooked with wood or charcoal
  • One or two suit of clothes, Sunday go to meeting
    clothes and everyday.
  • Lived and died 20 miles from where born.
  • Life expectancy at birth 40/50, same as hunter
    gatherers.
  • About a Billion people Worldwide

14
In 1800
  • On Average, the average person in the world was
    living at about the same level.
  • That level was the same standard of living as
    they were living at 6000 years before.
  • Calories consumed
  • Health care/knowledge
  • Work for calories actually greater than hunter
    gathers
  • clothing
  • Living conditions

15
Mondern Hunter Gather 37a.b. 57 at 20
England 38birth 54 at 20 China 26 50 N.
Africa 24 41
16
1800 Brits were less efficient than
Hunger/Gathers at obtaining calories
17
(No Transcript)
18
Thomas Malthus
  • Postulated that there was a direct relationship
    between Population, death rate and standard of
    living.
  • Given a population with a high standard of living
    (food, high survival rate), you would have
    population growth.
  • As the population grows beyond the ability to
    support it with food, the standard of living
    would drop.
  • Then, eventually, particularly under pressure,
    people would die off, until the population was
    low enough to raise standard of living.
  • For instance The net effect of the plague was a
    raise in living standard.
  • This model worked well for the world until 1800.

19
Between 1800 and now
  • World population has grown from 1 billion to
    about 6.5 billion and continues to grow rapidly.
  • What would Malthus predict?

20
Malthusian Trap
  • Production will increase population and living
    standard until BAM, population will exceed the
    ability of the resources to sustain it,
    regardless of efficiencies, living standards will
    drop, people will die.
  • When enough people die (eg Plague), resources
    will be enough, population will rise.

21
Irony
22
(No Transcript)
23
What Malthus didnt think about What would
happen if you injected modern medicine into this
equation?
  • If people were saved from dying, standard of
    living would drop, but there wouldnt be the
    ensuing mass death.

24
Britain breaks the mold
  • In England, Everything changed
  • Population increased
  • Standard of living went way up.
  • Life expectancy began to rise.
  • What happened? And Why there?

25
Gun, Germs and Steel?
  • Diamond suggest geography was the chief
    determinant in European ascendency.
  • People living on the same latitude could benefit
    by similar climates, animal life and information
    sharing.

26
(No Transcript)
27
Guns, Germs
  • People, who left Africa, first settled in Central
    Asia/Middle East, and domesticated large animals
    for grains and labor.
  • These plants and animals flourished along that
    latitude, allowing civilizations to expand.
  • Domestication freed up time and people to
    diversify occupations and expand civilizations.

28
Guns, Germs, etc.
  • The constant interaction of man and animals
    allowed germs, small pox, flu, etc to spread back
    and force and eventually people along that
    latitude built immunities, that those in their
    future colonies didnt have.
  • Its estimated that as many as 90 of the Native
    American population died of small pox.

29
Guns..
  • In addition metallurgical technology spread along
    that latitude and people got better and better
    and producing strong steel swords and the like,
    which later led to industrial uses of metals.

30
Guns
  • Then gunpowder from China was matched with
    missile technology from Europe (why do you think
    Galileo went to Pisa?) creating guns and canons
    that people along that latitude never developed.
  • Europe dominated.
  • But why Britain?

31
Contrary to today, the Wealthy had a population
boom. These people made money off the land, so
their extra sons joined the army, went to school,
studied scientifically and invented cool
stuff.Provided England with an educated middle
class.
32
The Dissenters Puritan Work ethic
  • Had no problem with exploring the natural world.
  • No problem making money in manufacturing, thats
    what was left to them by the snob classes.
  • Hated play/fun, after all, idleness is the
    devils workshop
  • Children were little adult, no adolescents.
  • a penny saved is a penny earned.

33
Dissenter Puritans
  • Protestants believe that every man has a personal
    relationship with God, whose word is spread
    through the Bible.
  • To read the Bible, you must be literate.
  • So, in England, you had a large, disenfranchised,
    literate, hard working underclass who were
    allowed to work and make money in manufacturing.
  • Not be design, by chance.

34
Puritans lived by a strict moral code
35
Puritan Work Ethic or meme
  • Puritans believed in predestinationbut how do
    you know you are a choosen person?
  • Well, by the way you acted, if you looked moral,
    you must be choosen?

36
Why Britain?
  • The Enlightenment and Reformation increased
    scientific thought and the reformation literacy.
  • They had a large increase in population of
    educated upper and middle class people, freed
    from the land.
  • Dissidents were funneled into mining and
    manufacturing with profit as motivation. (Not
    snobby landed aristocrats). Banks funneled
    capital from aristocrats (sugar, tea plantations)
    to dissidents very efficiently.
  • Puritan academies taught math, science and
    engineering, studied the natural world.
  • The non-nobles slowly began to gain political
    power, creating more of a meritocracy. Power
    follows money.
  • Coal mining and dissidents led to the Steam
    Engines and massive changes in efficiencies, the
    world got flatter.

37
Britains Advantages by 1800
  • Stable government, where power was shifting to
    money from birth. (Magna Carta)
  • No Wars on Home Turf to disrupt production.
    (unlike Europe with the 30 years war, French
    Rev., Napoleaon, Franco-Prussian War , etc.)
  • A population boom in wealthy and business
    classes, provided literate middle class to run
    your business.

38
Three Big Inventions
  • James Watts Steam engine, originally to pump
    water out of coal mines, eventually to power
    everything until the internal combustion engine.
  • The Railroad which began in the early 1800s in
    England bringing raw materials to centralized
    factories and manufactured goods to shore for
    export.
  • Eventually moving armies and people, no more only
    living and dying 20 miles from home.
  • Steam Ships, They could sail against the wind,
    talk about a flattening world.

39
Tinkerers
  • Many of the inventions of the industrial
    revolution came from tinkers, guys in their
    metaphoric garages
  • Eli Whitney cotton gin, interchangable parts.
  • Watt Steam engines.
  • Marconi wireless radio
  • The internal combustion engine.

40
ICE
41
  • Agricultural revolution of the 18th century
    provided food to defeat Malthusian trap. Freed up
    farm labor to become city labor.
  • Crop rotation
  • Farm enclosures
  • fertilizers
  • Established trading posts became foothold for
    colonialist and the U.S. a huge provider of food,
    that could get there fast because of steam ships.
    (Potato famine)

42
Kuchnet and the U Curve
  • Economist Kuchnet hypothesizes that in an
    agricultural society incomes a relatively equal
    in an industrial one they become less equal as
    the knowledgable and capitalists make more than
    labor
  • But then labor gets more education, demands
    higher wages and better conditions and the income
    begins to equalize.

43
Pareto hypothesizes that
  • Income disparity doesnt matter, as long as the
    increase of wealth in the rich, also benefits the
    poor. True?

44
Efficiencies of inputs
  • Inputs
  • Capital (money) Banks, Barklays, Lloyds,
    joint-stocks, insurance..
  • Management Literate dissenters, population boom
    in educated classes.
  • Labor mostly literate protestants, work ethic
    (dour dissenters), schools
  • Raw Materials taken, forced trade, no tariffs.
  • Machines steam powered, mass produced (economy
    of scale), machined, interchangeable parts some
    10001 in efficiency.
  • Energy Coal, lots of it
  • Transportation (infrastructure) canals, roads,
    trains, steamships
  • Research and Development literate, amateur
    scientists (enlightenment)
  • TAXES None
  • Profit Tons.

45
There it is
  • Early colonization provided raw materials and
    knowledge(g,g,s)
  • Banks to move capital from colonies
  • Dissenters the work ethic, incentives, scientific
    inquiry, literacy.
  • Britain the safe government Adam Smith Laissez
    faire economics.
  • Raising middle class of workers/mgmt consumerism
    and markets, keeping up with the .
  • GSS, the easy exchange of knowledge, metallurgy,
  • Agricultural advancement. Interchange of crops,
    No Malthus
  • The steam engine, precise machine tools,
    interchangeable parts, coal
  • the power, mass production (economy of scale,
    massive efficiency), infrastructure,
    Transportation and communications.

46
Children were used to pull the coal from the mines
47
(No Transcript)
48
(No Transcript)
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
New Inventions meant a massive shift in
efficiency more outputs with less inputs.
53
With efficiency income followed.
54
WWMS?
55
(No Transcript)
56
1836 to 1862 repeating, breech loaded guns
changed the face ofwar. Required
interchangeable, machined parts.
57
By the late 19 century
  • England had expanded its colonies and economy to
    the point where it dominated the entire world.
  • Britain ruled with an iron hand, justified by
    Social Darwinism.

58
(No Transcript)
59
Ad extolling White Men to help natives get clean
60
The U.S. Philippines War
61
White Mans Burden
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
Politically,
  • Workers conditions and the expansion of crowded
    cities and the problems they brought led to
  • Progressive movement Modern liberalism
  • Socialism government responsibility to all the
    people.
  • Communism (Marx and Engel) extreme socialism,
    all goods and services equally shared. Government
    control of the means of production/
  • Modern Conservatism and laissez faire economics.
    Economic Darwinism.
  • Social Darwinism to justify it all. Superior
    countries weremeant to rule the rest. Those
    countries were on top for a reason.

67
  • 1801 Britain makes Ireland part of a single
    British kingdom. Parliament in Dublin is
    abolished. The Anglican Church is to be
    recognized as the official church in Ireland. No
    Catholics are to be allowed to hold public
    office.

68
Ethnic divisions in Ireland
  • Anglo-Irish descendants of the British nobles
    Anglicans (Episcopalians) who expropriated the
    land and forced labor on the Irish Catholics.
  • Scots-Irish, protestants, Presbyterians, imported
    from Scotland, favored by the British, yet
    treated poorly, as laborers in the North. Now
    dominate Northern Irish politics
  • Irish Catholics the original Irish, displaces and
    disenfranchised by the British between the 16th
    and early 20th century.

69
(No Transcript)
70
South Africa
  • To keep away Dutch colony away from
    France/Napoleon the British formally take control
    of Cape Town, South Africa and begin movement up
    the East Coast of Africa.
  • Napoleon had its eye on India and South Africa
    would have given them a foothold.

71
1860s
  • Britain Dissolves the East Indian Company, and
    establishes formal political control of India
    (Pakistan)
  • In 1875 Britain takes control of the Suez Canal,
    and establishes their economic interest there.
  • In the late 19th c. the British force the
    capitulations on the weak Ottoman Empire,
    taking control of choke points along their trade
    route Egypt, Yemen, Iraq, the emirates.

72
British Empire at WWI (1/4 of the Worlds
Population falls under British control
73
World in 1900
74
  • China was attempting to form a democracy after
    fall of the Manchus, but was carved up in the
    Open Door Policy and two Opium wars with Britain.
    The U.S., Japan and major European powers glommed
    on.
  • Korea was a Japanese colony.
  • Taiwan too.

75
The division of China
76
Spheres of Influence.
77
Congress of Berlin 1878 Europe carves up Africa
78
By WWI
  • Winners in the Industrialization game.
  • Britain dominated the seas and most of the rest
    of the world
  • Germany had formed under Bismark, began to
    expand, industrialized.
  • France had finally established some political
    stability, colonized, industrialized.
  • Japan had become a major force in Asia,
    colonizing Northern China, Korea, Taiwan and
    beating Russia in a war.
  • U.S. dominated South America and the Caribbean
    and other Spanish colonies (Philippines, Puerto
    Rico, Virgin Islands).
  • Neutral
  • Russia had expanded, but not industrialized.
  • Losers
  • The Netherlands (Dutch), Portugal, Spain, the
    Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary were slipping
    away into the dust bin of history.

79
Britain all dates Circa, its a process.
  • Canada (18th c.)
  • Australia (1788)
  • Ireland (1801)
  • South Africa (1805)
  • India/Burma/Pakistan (1857)
  • Singapore (1819)
  • Yemen (Cap)
  • Hong Kong/China (latter 19th c.)
  • Palestine (Cap)
  • Iraq (Cap)
  • (Iran kind of, BP, 1913)
  • Zimbabwe (Rhodesia, 1880)
  • Tanzania (Tanganyika, Germany 1840, Britain after
    WWI)
  • Kenya (1890)

80
France
  • Northwest Africa
  • Syria
  • Lebanon
  • Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia)

81
U.S.
  • Puerto Rico
  • Virgin Islands
  • Philippines
  • Economically dominated all of Central America,
    some of South America.
  • Hawaii

82
Japan
  • Korea
  • Taiwan
  • Parts of Northern China (Manchuria)

83
Others
  • Portugal
  • Angola
  • Mozambique, Tanzania
  • Netherlands
  • Indonesia
  • Italy Libya, Somalia
  • Germany Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda
  • Belgium Congo

84
By WWI
  • Ottoman Empire had been divided between Russia
    (the Caucuses), Britain (Egypt, Palestine, Iraq,
    Saudi Penn.) and France (Lebanon, Syria) by the
    Capitulations (forced interests in those
    areas).
  • Finally finished off after WWI.
  • Choose the wrong side to back.

85
The Capitulations
86
Ottoman Empire
  • From the 16th Century to the early 20th Century,
    ethnic Turks (who were Sunni Muslims) from
    Anatolia, or modern day Turkey, invaded
  • Syria,
  • Palestine/Israel/Lebanon,
  • Saudi Arabia,
  • Egypt/Sudan,
  • Greece,
  • Albania,
  • Vienna( which they failed, to conquer).

87
(No Transcript)
88
(No Transcript)
89
(No Transcript)
90
European Domination 1914
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com