1? choroid of eyeball

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1? choroid of eyeball
??Single Choice Questions

• A. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic
  
• and is white in colour
• B. outer surface is covered by pigment cell
• layer of retina
• C.  inner surface is close to sclera
• D.  supplies the nutrition
• E.  receives stimulation of light

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2? ciliary body

• A. is posterior extension of choroid
• B. located on external surface of junction of
• cornea and sclera
• C. is the thickest part of middle tunic
• D.constriction of ciliary m. tenses ciliary
• zonule
• E.constriction of ciliary m. decreases
• convexity of lens

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3? iris

• A.  is the largest part of middle tunic
• B. divides chamber of the eye into anterior
• and posterior chambers
• C. iris and sclera meet to form angle of anterior
  
• chamber
• D. Has the function of refracting light
• E.  is colourless and transparant

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4. The ascending tract in the spinal cord is

• A. spinothalamic tract
• B.  anterior corticospinal tract
• C. lateral corticospinal tract
• D. rubrospinal tract
• E.  vestibulospinal tract

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5. The fasciculus gracilis

• A.  extends the whole length of the spinal cord
• B.  lies in the lateral part of the posterior
• funiculus
• C. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of the
  
• contralateral lower limb
• D. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of
• bilateral (??) lower limb
• E. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of
• homolateral(??) trunk and limbs

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6?In adult, the lower end of spinal cord is at
the level of

•  
• A. inferior border of L1
• B. superior border of L1
• C. inferior border of L2
• D. superior border of L2
• E. superior border of L3

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7?The position of the 10th thoracic segment of
spinal cord is at the level of

• A.   9th thoracic vertebra
• B.   8th thoracic vertebra
• C.   7th thoracic vertebra
• D.  6th thoracic vertebra
• E.   1st lumbar vertebra

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8? Which is wrong about anterior horn of spinal
cord

• A.  consists of the sensory neuron
• B.  consists of the motor neuron
• C.  its neuron axon passes through the
• anterior root of spinal nerve
• D.  innervates the skeletal muscle
• E.  is innervated by corticospinal tract

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9? Which segment of the spinal cord conducts the
skin sensation at the level of umbilicus

• A. the 4th thoracic segment
• B.  the 6th thoracic segment
• C. the 8th thoracic segment
• D. the 10th thoracic segment
• E.  the 12th thoracic segment

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10. The tracts being related to transmitting
motor information in spinal cord are

• A. fasciculus gracilis
•  
• B. fasciculus cuneatus
•  
• C. corticonuclear tract
•  
• D. lateral corticospinal tract
•  
• E. anterior corticospinal tract

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1?     retina
??Multiple Choice Questions

• 
  
• A.   is divides into outer and inner layers
• B.   outer layer contains photoreceptors
• C.   inner layer is pigment cell lamina
• D.   optic disc is in sensitive to light
• E.  visual acuity in fouea centralis of
• macula lutea is highest

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2? walls of tympanic cavity

• A. superior wall is tegmental wall which
• separates the middle cranial fossa from
• tympanic cavity
• B.  inferior wall is jugular wall
• C. anterior wall is carotid wall at superior
• part of which there is the opening of
• auditory tube
• D. posterior wall is mastoid wall
• E .lateral wall is membranous wall

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3? the tracts passing through the lateral
funiculus of the spinal cord includ

• A ?lateral corticospinal tract
• B ?anterior corticospinal tract
• C ?anterior spinocerebellar tract
• D ?posterior spinocerebellar tract
• E ?vestibulospinal tract
•  

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The brain stem
? ?
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The brain stem

• midbrain ??
• pons ??
• medulla oblongata ??

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ventral surface of the brain stem
Medulla oblongata

• Pyramid ?? contain pyramidal tract
  (corticospinal tract)
• Decussation of pyramid ????
• formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal
  tract

Olive ?? overlying inferior olivary
nucleus????
hypoglossal nerve ???? emerge from
anterolateral sulcus Glossopharyngeal n.
vagus n. accessory n.
emerge from retroolivary sulcus ????
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ventral surface of the brain stem
Pons

• Basilar part ???
• Basilar sulcus ???

Bulbopontine sulcus ????? from medial
to lateral, abducent, n ???
facial n.
vestibulocochlear n. ?????
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ventral surface of the brain stem
Pons
Middle cerebellar peduncle ????
Trigeminal nerve ????
Pontocerebellar trigone ??????
the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum
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ventral surface of the brain stem
Midbrain

• Crus cerebri ????
• Interpeduncular fossa ???
• oculomotor nerves ????
• emerge from medial of crus cerebri

Posterior perforated substance ???
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dorsal surface of the brain stem ????
Medulla oblongata

• Gracile tubercle ???? overlying gracile
  nucleus
• Cuneate tubercle ???? overlying cuneate
  nucleus
• Inferior cerebellar peduncle ????

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dorsal surface of the brain stem ????
Pons

• Superior cerebellar peduncle ????
• Superior medullary velum ???

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dorsal surface of the brain stem ????
Midbrain

• Superior colliculus ??
• centers of visual flexes ??????
• Inferior colliculus ??
• conduct auditory sensation ????
• Trochlear nerve ????

Brachium of superior colliculus ???
Brachium of inferior colliculus ???
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dorsal surface of the brain stem
rhomboid fossa ???
Boundaries
Superolateral superior cerebellar peduncle
????

• Inferolateral
• gracile tubercles ????
• cuneate tubercles ????
• inferior cerebellar peduncle
• ????

Lateral recess ????
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dorsal surface of the brain stem
rhomboid fossa

• Median sulcus ???
• Sulcus limitans ??
• Vestibular area ???
• overlies vestibular nuclei
• Acoustic tubercle ???
• overlying dorsal cochlear nucleus
• Medial eminence ????
• Striae medullares ??

Facial colliculus???? overlies nucleus
of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve
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dorsal surface of the brain stem
rhomboid fossa

• Hypoglossal triangle ?????? overlying
  hypoglossal nucleus
• Vagal triangle ?????? overlies dorsal nucleus
  of vagus nerve

Area postrema ???lies between the vagal triangle
and gracile tubercles Locus ceruleus ?? at the
upper end of Sulcus limitans ????
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Fourth ventricle ????
position

• Lie between the
• Pons( ??), medulla
• Oblongata( ??)
• and cerebellum
• (in front of cerebellum and
• posterior to the pons and
• medulla oblongata ).

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Fourth ventricle
Floor-- rhomboid fossa
Roof
Anterior part superior cerebellar
peduncle
???? superior medullary velum
???
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Fourth ventricle
Roof
Posterior part inferior medullary velum
??? tela choroidea
of fourth Ventricle ????????

• choroid plexuses of fourth
• Ventricle ???????
• produce the cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  ??????

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Tela choroidea and choroid plexus????????
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Fourth ventricle
Communication ??

• (1) Median aperture of fourth ventricle ???????
• (2) lateral apertures of fourth ventricle
  ???????a pair.

Subarachnoid space ?????
(3) mesencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct
)????(?????)
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Internal structures
gray matter
Nuclei ???
Cranial nerve nuclei ???? Non- Cranial
nerve nuclei ( relay nuclei)
????? (??????)
The arrangments of Cranial nerve nuclei
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Cranial nerve nuclei ????
The Cranial nerve nuclei may be divided into 7
kinds
Visceral afferent(sensory)nuclei (
general and special ) ?????(?????)
General somatic afferent (sensory) nuclei
???????
Special somatic afferent (sensory) nuclei
???????
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Cranial nerve nuclei ????
General Somatic motor nuclei ???????

• Nucleus of oculomotor n.
• ?????
• Nucleus of trochlear n.
• ?????
• Nucleus of abducent n.
• ????
• Nucleus of hypoglossal n.
• ?????

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General Somatic motor nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function
Nucleus of Oculomotor n. Midbrain ? Supreior, inferior,and medial rectus, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioris
Nucleus of trochlear n. Midbrain ? Superior obliquus
Nucleus of abducent n. Pons ? Lateral rectus
Nucleus of hypoglossal n. Medulla ? Muscles of tongue
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Special visceral motor nuclei ???????
Cranial nerve nuclei ????

• Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. ???????
• Nucleus of facial n. ???
• Nucleus ambiguus ??
• Accessory nucleus ????

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Special visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. Pons ? Masticatory muscles
Nucleus of facial n. Pons ? Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius ???
Nucleus ambiguus Medulla ?,?.? Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus
Accessory nucleus Medulla-cervical cord ? Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
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General visceral motor nuclei ???????
Cranial nerve nuclei ????

• Accessory oculomotor nucleus ??????
• Superior salivatory nucleus
• ????
• Inferior salivatory nucleus
• ????
• Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
• ??????

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?General visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function
Accessory oculomotor nucleus Midbrain ? Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.
Superior salivatory nucleus Pons ? Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands
Inferior salivatory nucleus Medulla ? Parotid gland
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. medulla ? Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera
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Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special
)
Cranial nerve nuclei ????

• Nucleus of solitary tract ???

Lies in the Medulla obongata Send out the fibers
to form ?,?,? cranial n.
Function Taste and visceral sensation
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General somatic afferent nuclei???????
Cranial nerve nuclei ????

• Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. ???????
• Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. ???????
• Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. ???????

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General somatic afferent nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. Midbrain ? Proprioception of head
Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. Pons ? Tactile(touch) sensation of head
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. Medulla ? Pain and temperature sense of head
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Special somatic afferent nuclei???????
Cranial nerve nuclei ????

• Cochlear nuclei
• ????
• Ventral cochlear nucleus
• ??????
• Drsal cochlear nucleus
• ??????

Vestibular nuclei ?????
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Special somatic afferent nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function
Cochlear nuclei Pons and medulla ? Sensation of hearing
Vestibular nuclei Pons and medulla ? Sensation of equilibrium
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non- Cranial nerve nuclei ?????

• In medulla oblongata
• Gracile nucleus ???
• Cuneate nucleus ???
• Inferior olivary nucleus
• ????

In pons Pontine nucleus???
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non- Cranial nerve nuclei ?????

• in midbrain
• inferior colliculus ??
• Gray matter layers of superior colliculus
• ????
• Red nucleus??
• Substantia nigra??

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Non- Cranial nerve nuclei
Nucleus position
Gracile nucleus Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle)
Cuneate nucleus Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle)
Pontine nucleus Pons
Nucleus of inferior colliculus Midbrain
Inferior colliculus superior colliculus Midbrain
Red nucleus Midbrain
Substantia nigra Midbrain
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White matter
Ascending tracts

• Medial lemniscus ????
• Spinal lemniscus ????
• Trigeminal lemniscus ????
• Lateral lemniscus ????

Descending tracts
Pyramidal tract ??? Corticospinal
tract ????? Corticonuclear tract
????
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White matter
ascending tracts

• Medial lemniscus
• ????
• decussation of medial lemniscus ??????

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White matter
ascending tracts

• Spinal lemniscus
• ????

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White matter
ascending tracts

• Trigeminal lemniscus
• ????

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White matter
ascending tracts

• Lateral lemniscus
• ????

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White matter descending tracts
Pyramidal tract ???

• Corticospinal tract
• ?????
• Corticonuclear tract
• ????

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• Corticonuclear tract
• ????

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White matter descending tracts

• Others
• rubrospinal tract
• ?????
• tectospinal tract
• ?????
• vestibulospinal tract
• ?????
• reticulospinal tract
• ?????

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Reticular formation of brain stem??????
The reticular formation is recognized as the
extensive area outside the more conspicuous fiber
bundles and nuclei of the brain stem, in which
the grey were intermingled with whiter matter.
Its major function may sum up as follows
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Reticular formation of brain stem
Ascending reticular activating system ????????
maintenance of the conscious state of cerebeal
cortex. ????????
somatomotor control ??????
reticulospinal tract

• Viscceromotor control---vital centres ????
• Cardiovascular center and respiratory
  center in medulla oblongata.

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The transverse section of brain stem----
Medulla oblongata

• Lower part (closed part)
• Two decussations
• Decussations of medial lemniscus ??????
• Decussations of pyramid ????

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The transverse section of brain stem----
Medulla oblongata

• Upper part (open part)
• inferior olivary nuculeus and inferior cerebellar
  peduncle
• Enlargement of central canal to form the fourth
  ventricle floor

• Tracts pyramidal tracy
• medial lemniscus
• inferior cerebellar peduncle
• Nuclei
• nucleus of hypoglossal n.
• dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
• nucleus ambiguus.
• solitary nucleus,
• spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

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The transverse section of brain stem----
pons
longitudinal fibers(pyramidal tract) transverse
fibers arised from the pontine nuclei.
Middle cerebellar peduncle ????

• contains a number of new cranial nerve nuclei
  ,Such as
• nucleus of abducent n.
• nucleus of facial n.
• vestibular nuclei ,
• spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

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The transverse section of brain stem----
midbrain

• tectum of midbrain????
• Cerebral peduncle???

includes superior and inferior colliculi
may be divided into 3 parts ? Tegmentum ??
Ascending tracts
medial lemniscus, spinal lemniscus,
trigeminal lemniscus. nuclei red
nucleus, nucleus of oculomotor n. and troclear n.
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The transverse section of brain stem----
midbrain

• Cerebral peduncle???

? Tegmentum ??
? Substentia nigra ?? ? Crus cerebri ????
frontopontine Tract ???, pyramidal tract,
tempo-occipito-pontine tract
????
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Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
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superior cerebellar peduncle

• its fibres arises from the cerebellum, and passes
  to the opposite thalamus and the opposite red
  nucleus of the midbrain.

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Dorsal cochlear nuclei
Ventral cochlear nuclei
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