Intro.%20To%20Biology

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Intro. To Biology

• Science in the 21st Century

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The Study of Life

• Objectives Define and give examples of Earths
  Biodiversity.
• Summarize the characteristics of all living
  things.
• Warm Up What do you think a Biologist means by
  the word Biodiversity?
• Terms to Know Biosphere, Biodiversity, Species,
  Biology, Organism, Cell, Metabolism, DNA

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The Biosphere and Biodiversity

• All living things and all the places they are
  found on Earth make up the Biosphere.
• Every part of the Biosphere is connected with
  every other part of the Biosphere.
• The variety of life is called Biological
  Diversity, or Biodiversity.
• Greater Biodiversity is found closer to the
  equator.
• One definition of Species is a particular type of
  living things that can reproduce by interbreeding
  among themselves.
• Of the 2 million identified species, over half
  are insects.
• Scientists estimate there are over 10 million
  different Species.

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All Organisms Share Certain Characteristics

• Biology is the scientific study of life.
• An Organism is any individual living things.
• There are several characteristics required by ALL
  living things

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1. All Living things are made of Cells.

• A Cell is the basic unit of life.
• A single-celled organism is Unicellular
• A many celled organism is Multicellular.

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2. All Living Things Need Energy

• Energy is the ability to cause a change or do
  work.
• Some organisms create their own energy through
  chemosynthesis or photosynthesis.
• ALL animals must eat.
• Energy is vital for Metabolism, all of the
  chemical processes that build up or breakdown
  materials.

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3. All Living things Respond to their
environment.

• A Response is any reaction to a change known as
  a Stimulus.
• Example A plant Responds to a change in light
  by turning towards the light.

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4. All Living Things Reproduce.

• Reproduction is the ability of a species to
  produce new individuals.
• When organisms reproduce they pass on genetic
  material to their offspring.
• The genetic material is a molecule called DNA.

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Unifying Themes of Biology

• Objectives Summarize four major unifying themes
  of Biology
• Give an example of each of the themes of Biology.
• Warm Up What is a theme? Give some examples.
• Terms to Know System, Ecosystem, Homeostasis,
  Evolution, Adaptation

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All Levels of Life have Systems of Related Parts.

• A System is an organized group of related parts
  that interact to form a whole.
• Ex The pieces of a car work together to make
  the car run (or not run).
• Systems in Biology range from molecules, to
  cells, to the entire biosphere.
• Two organisms that interact can be considered a
  System.
• An Ecosystem is a physical environment with
  different species that interact with each other.
• It is the living and nonliving portions of an
  environment.
• Ex A forest ecosystem contains birds, trees,
  bugs, dirt, oxygen, and water.

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Structure and Function are Related in Biology

• What something does in an organism is directly
  related to its shape or form.
• Different types of enzymes, chemicals and cells
  all have different functions based on their
  specializations.

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Organisms Must Maintain Homeostasis to Survive in
Diverse Environments.

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant
  internal conditions in an organism.
• Temperature, blood sugar, acidity and other
  conditions must be controlled.
• Breakdowns in homeostasis are usually life
  threatening.
• Ex When you are hot, you sweat. When you are
  cold, you shiver.

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Evolution and Adaptations

• Evolution is the change in living things over
  time.
• More specifically, evolution is a change in the
  genetic makeup of a population of species.
• Adaptation
• One way evolution occurs is through natural
  selection of adaptations.
• In Natural Selection, a genetic, or inherited
  trait help some individuals of a population be
  more successful in the given environment.
• Any inherited trait that gives an advantage to
  individual organisms and is passed on to future
  generations is an Adaptation.
• Adaptation in evolution is not the same as the
  common definition of adaptation.

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Scientific Thinking and Process

• Objectives Identify the different elements of
  scientific inquiry.
• Differentiate between theories and hypotheses.
• Terms to Know Observation, Data, Hypothesis,
  Experiment, Independent Variable, Dependent
  Variable, Constant, Theory

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Observations, Data, and Hypothesis

• All scientific inquiry begins with careful and
  systematic observations.
• Observation includes using our sense to study the
  world, but may also involve other tools.
• scientists use computers and other technology to
  make observations.
• Scientific questions often come from
  observations.
• Observations can also be recorded as Data that
  can be analyzed.
• Two types of Data can be collected
• 1. Qualitative Data descriptions of a
  phenomenon that can include sights, sounds, and
  smells.
• Can typically report what happens but not HOW it
  happens.
• 2. Quantitative Data characteristics that can
  be measured or counted, such as mass, volume, and
  temperature.
• Anything typically expressed as a number.
• Scientists use observations and data to form
  Hypotheses.
• A Hypothesis is a proposed answer for a
  scientific question.
• A Hypothesis must be specific and testable.

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• Quantitative Data
• Qualitative Data

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Inference

• An inference is a logical interpretation based on
  prior knowledge and experience (including
  observations).

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Testing Hypotheses

• A hypothesis leads to testable predictions of
  what would happen if the hypothesis is valid.
• For scientists, just one test of a hypothesis is
  usually not enough.
• There are two possible outcomes after testing and
  analysis
• 1. Nonsignificant the data show no effects, or
  too little to not be chance.
• 2. Significant the data show an effect hat is
  likely not due to chance.
• When the data does not support the hypothesis, it
  is REJECTED.

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Biologists Use Experiments To Test Hypotheses.

• The only way to answer some scientific questions
  is to test them.
• In Experiments scientists study factors called
  independent variables and dependent variables to
  find cause-and-effect relationships.
• The Independent Variable is an experiment is a
  condition that is manipulated, or changed, by a
  scientist.
• Dependent Variables are observed and measured
  during an experiment they are the experimental
  data.
• Changes in the dependent variable are directly
  related to the changes in the independent
  variable.
• Constants (Controls) are all the variables that
  remain the same throughout the experiment.

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A Theory Explains a Wide Range of Observations

• A Theory is a proposed explanation for a wide
  range of observations and experimental results
  that is supported by a wide range of evidence.
• Eventually, a theory may be broadly accepted by
  the scientific community.
• Theories are not readily accepted in science and
  by definition are NEVER proven.

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Biologists Tools and Technology

• Objectives Describe the usefulness of modern
  imaging technologies.
• Explain the usefulness of computer models in
  studying biological systems.
• Summarize how modern computer-based technologies
  have advanced the study of genetics.

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The Microscope

• A Microscope provides an enlarged image of an
  object.
• Light microscopes, like the ones we use, can
  magnify up to about 1500 times their actual size.
• Electron microscopes use beams of electrons
  instead of light to magnify objects.
• Electron microscopes can clearly magnify
  specimens more than 100,000 times their actual
  size.
• - Live specimens cannot be seen under electron
  microscopes.
• There are two types of electron microscopes
• 1. A scanning electron microscope scans the
  surface of a specimen with a beam of electrons.
• 2. A transmission electron microscope transmits
  electrons through a thin slice of a specimen.

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Medical Imaging

• Medical imaging studies the human body.
• Imaging includes technology such as x-rays,
  MRIs and CT scans.

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Complex Systems are Modeled On Computers

• Computer-based models have become a great source
  for research.
• These can be used to model living systems that
  cannot be studied directly.
• Computer models allow scientists to look at all
  possible angles of specimens and study what the
  specimen would do in given circumstances.

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The Tools of molecular Genetics Give Rise to New
Biological Studies

• A Gene is nothing more than a segment of DNA that
  stores genetic information.
• Our understanding of genes has lead to much of
  the new technology that was unheard of 40 years
  ago.
• Molecular Genetics is the study and manipulation
  of DNA on a molecular level.
• Molecular Genetics can be used to study
  evolution, ecology, biochemistry and many other
  areas.
• Genomics is the study and comparison of genomes
  both within and across species.