Review Chapter 11: Agriculture

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ReviewChapter 11 Agriculture

• By Caitlin S

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What is Agriculture?

• Agriculture The purposeful tending of crops and
  livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
• About half of the grains grown in the United
  States are consumed by people
• The other half is utilized for livestock feed

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Economic Activities

• Primary Economic Activities Economic activity
  concerned with the direct extraction of natural
  resources from the environment-such as mining,
  fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.
• Secondary Economic Activities Economic activity
  involving the processing of raw materials and
  their transformation into the finished industrial
  products the manufacturing sector.

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Economic Activities (cont.)

• Tertiary Economic Activities Economic activity
  associated with the provision of services-such as
  transportation, banking, retailing, education,
  and routine office-based jobs.
• Quaternary Economic Activities Service sector
  industries concerned with the collection,
  processing, and manipulation of information and
  capital. Examples include finance,
  administration, insurance, and legal services.

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Economic Activities (cont.)

• Quinary Economic Activities Service sector
  industries that require a high level of
  specialized knowledge or technical skill.
  Examples include scientific research and
  high-level management.

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Hunters and Gatherers

• Before modern day agriculture, there were hunters
  and gatherers
• Differed based on region
• American Indians near the Pacific Ocean fished
  for salmon
• Those in northern North America migrated along
  with caribou herds

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First Agricultural Revolution

• Dates back 10,000 years
• Time when both plant and animal domestication
  originated
• Plant Domestication Genetic modification of a
  plant such that its reproductive success depends
  on human intervention.
• Animal Domestication Genetic modification of an
  animal such that it is rendered more amenable to
  human control.

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Subsistence Agriculture

• Subsistence Agriculture Growing only enough food
  to survive.
• Subsistence farmers utilize the natural
  environment
• Farmers that practice this often live in South
  and Middle America, and South and Southeast Asia
• When a surplus occurs, it is shared with other
  members of the community

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Second Agricultural Revolution

• Second Agricultural Revolution Witnessed
  improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and
  storage of farm produce
• Benefited from the Industrial Revolution
• Composed of a series of innovations, improvements
  and techniques.
• Moved agriculture beyond the levels of subsistence

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Von Thünens Model

• Described as the first effort to analyze the
  spatial character of economic character.

Wilderness
Ranching, Livestock
Increasingly Extensive field crops, grains
Forest
Market gardening and dairying
Central City
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Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution

• Began as early as the 1930s
• Currently in progress
• Agricultural scientists began to manipulate seeds
  of crops in a process known as genetic
  modification
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Crops that
  carry new traits that have been inserted through
  advanced genetic engineering methods.

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Landownership

• Rectangular Survey System/Township and Range A
  rectangular land division scheme designed by
  Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly
  across farmlands of the U.S. interior
• Appears with a checkerboard pattern across
  agricultural fields
• Is the most popular system in the United States
  today

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Landownership (cont.)

• Metes and Bounds Survey A system that relies on
  descriptions of the land ownership and natural
  features such as streams or trees.
• The U.S. abandoned this technique in favor of
  the rectangular survey system
• Longlot Survey System System in which land is
  divided into narrow parcels.

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Villages

• Traditional farm villages are common today in
  India, Sub-Saharan Africa, China and Southeast
  Asia
• These villages often rely on subsistence
  agriculture
• Europe contains villages that are clustered on
  hilltops
• Modern villages are often arranged in a grid
  pattern

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Types of Agriculture

• Commercial Agriculture Large scale farming and
  ranching operations that employ vast land bases,
  large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor
  forces and the latest technology.
• Monoculture Dependence on a single agricultural
  commodity.
• Ex. Sri Lanka is known for tea and Ghana is known
  for cocoa

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Types of Agriculture (cont.)

• Plantation Agriculture When cash crops are grown
  on large estates (an example of a cash crop is
  sugarcane).
• Mediterranean Agriculture Specialized farming
  that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer
  Mediterranean climate prevails.

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Illegal Drugs

• There is a high demand for illegal drugs, which
  makes them classify as cash crops
• Coca (which is used to make cocaine) is grown in
  Colombia, Peru and Bolivia
• Heroin and opium come from opium poppy plants,
  grown in Southeast and Southwest Asia
• Over 90 of illegal opium production worldwide
  comes from Afghanistan and Myanmar (according to
  the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime
  Prevention

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Climate Classification System

• Köppen Climate Classification System A system
  created by Wladimir Köppen to classify the
  worlds climates based on temperature and
  precipitation
• His system goes on to create climate regions
• Climate Regions areas with similar climatic
  characteristics

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Environmental Impacts

• Chemicals, such as pesticides and growth hormones
  for plants and livestock, impact the environment
• Deforestation has also increased over the years
  as agriculture is expanding
• Droughts also occur, making less vegetation grow
• Desertification when humans destroy soil
  vegetation through overuse of land for livestock
  grazing or crop production

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Agribusiness

• Agribusiness General term for the businesses
  that provide the vast array of goods and services
  that support the agriculture industry
• It serves to connect local farms with a spatially
  extensive web of production and exchange

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The End