South Asian History

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South Asian History

• Changes over Time

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Indus Valley Civilization

• Existed on the subcontinent around 2500 BC (same
  time as Mesopotamia Egypt)
• Ruins of Ancient Cities Harappa and
  Mohendra-Daro
• Urban planning
• Large public buildings
• Water supply and sewage systems
• After 1750 BC the civilization declined
• Reason for decline is unclear it was thought
  that Aryan invaders pushed south but now one
  theory is ecological change

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Indus Valley Civilization

• Map Ruins of Harappa

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Mohendra-Daro

• View down a street

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The Aryan Migration

• 1500 BC people speaking Indo-Aryan languages
  migrated from Caspian Sea into South Asia through
  the Hindu Kush mountains (Modern Afghanistan)
• Seminomadic herders that migrated over centuries
• The Vedas provide some information about Aryans
• Conflict existed between different Aryan groups
  and other groups of people
• Evidence of class and gender discrimination
• Worshiped a multitude of nature related gods

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Indo-Aryan Migration
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The Aryan Migration

• Over 1000 years, spread across the northern
  section of India
• Used Iron tools, cleared forests, cultivated
  land
• As population increased -gt regional states
  kingdoms developed trade increased
• 326 BC Alexander the Great contact between
  Greek and Indian civilization

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The Aryan Society

• As the Aryan societies became more complex, they
  divided themselves into groups.
• This caused people to be limited on the jobs they
  could have and who they could interact with.
• These rules became more and more strict and
  central to Indian society

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The Mauryan Empire

• Chandragupta Maurya initiated the first
  imperial dynasty
• 326 BC to 184 BC
• Ashoka advanced empire into southern peninsula
• Seen as Indias first true emperor
• Used Military force then supported Buddhism,
  peace, nonviolence
• After Ashoka leaders were ineffective at
  managing large empire invasions from Central
  Asia, internal fighting
• this leads to the fall of the Mauryan Empire

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Mauryan Empire
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The Next 500 Years

• No strong ruler was in place
• Subcontinent was subdivided
• Invaders from Central Asia
• Trade links to Rome and China
• Buddhism spread from the subcontinent to Central
  Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, China, and Japan

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The Gupta Empire

• Begins in 320 AD 6th Century
• Achievements in education, medicine, literature,
  and the arts
• Hinduism gains popularity Gupta kings combined
  Hinduism and Buddhist values
• Mid 6th Century- invaders from Central Asia
  ended the Gupta Empire

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Gupta Empire
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Next 600 years

• Subcontinent was again divided
• Harsha brief empire in 7th century with ½ the
  subcontinent
• Regional conflicts center of power shifted to
  the south
• Southern kingdoms traded with eastern and western
  worlds
• Caste system began during this period (Brahmins
  at the top) as Hinduism dominates over Buddhism
  and Jainism

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The Delhi Sultanate

• 7th Century Islam arrives in Afghanistan -gt
  spreads to Pakistan
• By end of 10th Century Islamic Invaders and
  Traders arrive in South Asia
• Early 13th Century a collection of Islamic
  Dynasties (Delhi Sultanate) extend Islams
  control across Northern India and into Central
  India
• Internal conflict outside threats (Mongols)
• Was often brutal to local Hindus contributed to
  downfall by the Mughals

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Expansion of Islam
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Delhi Sultanates
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The Mughal Empire

• 1526 invaded the subcontinent
• Zahir-ud-Din Babur (descendent of Genghis
  Khan)
• Created large kingdom because of strong army
• Akbar greatest Mughal ruler combined Central
  Asian, Persian and South Asian political/social
  traditions

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Mughal Empire
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Mughal Empire

• Islamic Mughal rulers showed respect for
  cultures
• Hindus Muslims were members of nobility
• The economy was strong achievements in art and
  architecture Taj Mahal
• By 18th century regionalism began to occur
  leaders wanted more power

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Taj Mahal
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Taj Mahal

• Is a mausoleum for the wife of Mogulo Emperor
  Shah Jahran
• After her death in 1631 her husband began the
  construction
• Over 300 feet tall, white marble

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Europeans Arrive

• 1498 Vasco da Gama lands on Indias coast
• 1510 Portuguese trading post Goa dominate
  spice trade
• Early 17th century Dutch British challenge
  Portuguese trade by establishing trading areas,
  the French established trading areas by late
  1600s.
• British and French created alliances with
  regional kingdoms - fought the Carnatic Wars
  for control in South Asia

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Vasco de Gama
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British Company Rule

• 100 years English East India Company British
  Monarchs allowed the company to rule
• Calcutta, Madras, Bombay chief cities
• Dual Government company held power but a
  local ruler carried out rule
• Nawab (Muslim) Maharaja (Hindu)

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British East India Company
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British Gain Territory

• Negotiated treaties with kingdoms company
  stationed troops collect taxes in return for
  protection
• By entering disputes between princes
• Annexing the areas because of no dominant central
  power
• Trade diversified
• British Government began to question authority
  of the company

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India 1795
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Problems arise

• Missionaries arrive to civilize and convert
  brought ideas of liberalism and nationalism
• Fought for control with Russia Afghanistan
• Aggressive Modernization efforts
• 1857 Sepoy Rebellion
• Annexation of land
• Rumors of a conspiracy against local beliefs
• Rifle cartridges (smeared with pig cow fat)
• Resulted in full scale war with loss of control
  of some areas

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Rifle Cartridges
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The British Empire
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British Crown Rule

• 1858 Act for the Better Government of India
  Crown Rule
• Established a secretary of state still ruled by
  local governor-generals (viceroy)
• Suez Canal 1869 reduced travel time
• Built infrastructure roads, bridges, railroads,
  telegraph lines, irrigation systems
• Extracted raw materials and sent them to Great
  Britain to be processed
• Established market for manufactured goods

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Tensions begin to build

• 1885 Indian National Congress is formed
• Reform movement calling for moderate change
• 1905 Nationalists begin to challenge for control
• Divided into moderate and extremist groups
• Widespread protests, British goods boycotted,
  attacks on British officials, extremist leaders
  were jailed

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Muslim League

• Formed to work for the rights of Muslims in India
  
• Did not want to be controlled by a Hindu state

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World War I

• Up to a million Indian soldiers served in the war
• Contributed large amounts of food and ammunition
• After the war increased nationalism resulted in
  more Indian participation in the government at a
  local level

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Rowlatt Acts 1919

• Gave the government right to disregard civil
  liberties if needed to suppress the people
• Mohandas Gandhi called for strikes and protests
• British commander ordered troops to fire on
  protesting Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs
• Amritsar Massacre

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• Most important political spiritual leader in
  achieving independence for India was Mohandas
  Karamchand GandhiThe Mahatma (The Great Soul).
• Born in 1869
• He is honored by people as the father of their
  nation
• Life was guided by a search for the truth that
  could be known only through tolerance concern
  for his fellow man, that finding a truthful way
  to solutions required constant testing
• He overcame fear in himself taught others
• Believed in nonviolence held that violence is
  better than cowardice civil disobedience
• Lived a simple life thought it was wrong to
  kill animals for food or to use their ides

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Gandhi

• 1915 returned from South Africa to India
• Felt that the Indian National Congress needed to
  change
• Focused on independence and nonviolent civil
  disobedience
• Boycott British schools, courts, protests
• Quit the government jobs
• Refuse to pay taxes

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My life is dedicated to service of India
through the religion of non-violence which I
believe to be the root of Hinduism. The religion
of non-violence is not meant merely for the
riches and saints. It is meant for the common
people as well. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
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Gandhis efforts continue

• Appealed for national unity
• Was jailed several times and his popularity
  increased
• 1930 marched with 1000s to the sea to make salt
  from saltwater avoiding British tax
• Some conflicts begin between the Indian congress
  and the Muslim league
• 1935 1937 some local authority given to the
  Indian National Congress

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World War II begins

• Britain declares war on British Indias behalf
  without consulting the Indian leadership
• Congress Party would not support war until
  promised independence
• Muslim League supported war to attempt to gain
  influence
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah - passed the Lahore
  Resolution demanded a separate state at
  independence
• Gandhi appealed to the people not to accept the
  resolution but most supported the claim for two
  nations

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Continued Protests

• Congress led independence movement protests
  continued 1000s were jailed
• War expanded to the Pacific British worked on
  compromise but did not succeed
• Gandhi began Quit India movement threatened
  widespread civil disobedience
• 1942 Gandhi in Jail along with 1000s of others
• Some Indian POWs fight along side the Japanese
• Altogether, he spent seven years in prison for
  political activity

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• In 1948, at the age of 78, while on his way to a
  prayer meeting, in New Delhi, Gandhi was
  assassinated.
• A high-ranking Brahman, who feared Gandhis
  program of tolerance for all creeds and
  religions, shot him three times.

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Gandhis legacy

• His beliefs and actions have inspired civil
  rights movements across the globe.
• He is an icon of world peace.
• His birthday, 2nd October, is commemorated
  worldwide as the International Day of
  Non-Violence.

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After the war

• Great Britain wants to withdraw but cant because
  of conflicts with Congress and Muslim League
• Increasing amounts of Hindu vs. Muslim violence
  occurred
• 1946 - Nehru head of Congress made interim
  Prime Minister
• 1947 Great Britain announces it will leave the
  Indian Subcontinent by June 1948
• July 15, 1947 Britain announces that in one
  month two independent countries of India and
  Pakistan will be established

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Partition of India and Pakistan

• Boundaries had to be drawn in a month
• Assets had to be divided
• Some 10 million South Asians fled their homes
  fearing they would soon be in a country that did
  not support their beliefs
• Hindus and Sikhs fled from Pakistan to into India
• Muslims moved from India to Pakistan
• Many died in the violence that resulted

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• India Pakistan gained independence in August
  1947
• East West Pakistan become Pakistan and
  Bangladesh

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Indias Partition
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What inventions did the ancient
civilizations of the Indian Subcontinent
contribute to the modern world?
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Cotton

• During the Indian Independence, Mohandas Gandhi
  wove his own clothing as part of an effort to
  boycott British cotton clothing

• Farmers of the Indus River Valley were the first
  to grow cotton
• Cotton fibers were woven into cloth
• India will become a primary producer of cotton in
  the world, especially during British rule of the
  subcontinent

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Arabic Numerals

• 320 350 CE, during the Gupta empire, Indian
  mathematicians worked out the first beginnings of
  our modern number system.
• The number zero (0) was created to make it easier
  to add and multiply numbers.
• With the formation of the Islamic Empire a few
  years later, the use of zero spread quickly from
  India to West Asia and Africa (by the 800's),
  and then more slowly to Europe (not until the
  1200's AD, and only specialists used it until the
  1500's).

• By 100 CE, people in India were writing the
  numbers as in the picture above.
• While the numbers 1,2, and 3 are pretty clear,
  nobody knows where the other signs came from. It
  may be that they were taken from letters of an
  Indian alphabet.

Did you know, the word zero comes from the
Sanskrit word meaning nothing?
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Origins of Chess

• Around 600 CE, or 7th century, Indians developed
  the game chess.
• Many words for chess in other languages derive
  from the Sanskrit word for chess.

• The Indian version of chess contains a horse,
  camel, and elephant these are
  equivalent to the modern knight, bishop, and
  rook.

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South Asia Today

• India and Its Neighbors

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Indias Culture

• second most populated country (over 1.1 billion
  people)
• Most Indians live
• in rural areas.
• in the North.
• along the coast.
• in extended families.
• in castes.
• Hindi and English are official languages.
• Most Indians practice Hinduism.

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Indias Government

• Worlds largest democracy (federal republic)
• Government structure
• Prime Minister (runs the country)
• President (little power)
• Parliament

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Indias Economy

• Although India is one of the worlds highest
  GDPs, many of its people live in poverty.
• Most Indians work in agriculture.
• There is an increasing numbersof high tech and
  industrial jobs.
• Currency is the rupee.

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Issues and Challenges Facing India

• Urbanization
• high population density (overcrowded)
• poverty
• educational inequality
• caste system
• gender inequality
• environmental issues
• deforestation
• Asian Brown Cloud
• water pollution

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India Pakistan Today

• The partition of India originally left both
  countries devastated.
• Since their division, two wars have been fought
  between the countries.
• conflict over the area of Kashmir
• terrorism and nuclear weapons

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