Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) Community and Strategic Planning (CASP) Curriculum

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(No Transcript)
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Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) Community
and Strategic Planning (CASP) Curriculum
Part I Enhanced DMC Reduction Model
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Module 1
Overview of the Training
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Objectives of CASP Training

• Equip participants with the following knowledge
  and skills necessary to provide training and
  technical assistance, public education,
  coordination, and outreach
• Knowledge base to understand OJJDP enhanced DMC
  Reduction Model.
• Ability to communicate clearly what DMC is, how
  to measure it, analyze and interpret the data.

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Objectives of CASP Training (contd)

• Design empirically based delinquency prevention
  and systems improvement strategies.
• Increase state capacity to assist/guide
  localities in DMC-reduction activities.

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How to Achieve the Objectives

• Review OJJDPs enhanced DMC Reduction Model.
• Trainers demonstrate the curriculum
• Using data from an assigned county within the
  training jurisdiction, participants engage in
  facilitation exercises and practice delivery.
• OJJDP trainers provide feedback on participant
  use of the curriculum.

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Module 2DMC Core Requirement
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History of DMC

• The original goals of the Juvenile Justice and
  Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974
• Help state and local governments prevent and
  control juvenile delinquency and improve the
  juvenile justice system.
• Protect juveniles in the juvenile justice system
  from inappropriate placements and from the
  physical and psychological harm that can result
  from contact with adult inmates.
• Provide community-based treatment for juvenile
  offenders.
• The evolution of the four JJDP Act Core
  Requirements
• Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders
  (DSO)1974
• Separation1974
• Jail Removal1980
• Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC)1988
• Became a Core Requirement1992
• Expanded to Disproportionate Minority Contact
  2002

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History of DMC (contd)

• 1988 Annual Report to Congress by the Coalition
  for Juvenile Justice (then the National Coalition
  of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups), A
  Delicate Balance.
• DMC as a requirement in the JJDP Act of 1974, as
  amended in 1988
• Requiring states participating in the JJDP Acts
  Part B Formula Grants program to address efforts
  to reduce the proportion of juveniles detained or
  confined in secure detention facilities, secure
  correctional facilities, jails, and lockups who
  are members of minority groups if such proportion
  exceeds the proportion such groups represent in
  the general population.
• DMC as a Core Requirement in the JJDP Act of
  1974, as amended in 1992
• Twenty-five percent of that years Formula Grants
  allocation was tied to state compliance.

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Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) as a
Core Requirement in the JJDPA of 2002
Requiring states participating in the JJDP Acts
Part B Formula Grants program to address
juvenile delinquency prevention efforts and
system improvement efforts designed to reduce,
without establishing or requiring numerical
standards or quotas, the disproportionate number
of juvenile members of minority groups, who come
into contact with the juvenile justice
system. Twenty percent of the states Formula
Grants allocation in the subsequent year is tied
to the states compliance status.
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Purpose of the DMC Core Requirement
To ensure equal and fair treatment for every
youth in the juvenile justice system, regardless
of race and ethnicity.
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Disproportionate Minority Contact

• Disproportionate
• Minority
• Contact

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Disproportionate
A rate of contact with the juvenile justice
system among juveniles of a specific minority
group that is significantly different from the
rate of contact for whites (i.e., non-Hispanic
Caucasians) or for other minority groups.
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Minority Race and Ethnicity Categories
Race/Ethnicity Definition
White (non-Hispanic) A person having origins in any of the original people of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
Black or African-American (non-Hispanic) A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
Hispanic or Latino A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.
American Indian or Alaska Native (non-Hispanic) A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.
Asian (non-Hispanic) A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic) A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific islands.
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Using Race and Ethnicity Categories

• Counts for all other groups should remove
  Hispanic/Latino (e.g., African-American should
  really be non-Hispanic African-American).
• Groups MORE specific than the six major groups
  may be defined IF they may be aggregated into the
  six major groups.
• Any of the six groups consisting of one (1)
  percent or more of the juvenile population in a
  specific jurisdiction (subject to juvenile
  justice contact and processes) should be assessed
  independently.
• Reports should describe the categories and
  allocation rules used. Be consistent within a
  state/local report.

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Juvenile Justice System Contact Points

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Contact Points Standard Definitions
Contact Point Definition
Arrest Youth are considered to be arrested when law enforcement agencies apprehend, stop, or otherwise contact them and suspect them of having committed a delinquent act.
Referral When a potentially delinquent youth is sent forward for legal processing and received by a juvenile or family court or juvenile intake agency, either as a result of law enforcement action or upon a complaint by a citizen or school.
Diversion Youth referred to juvenile court for delinquent acts are often screened by an intake department (either within or outside the court). The intake department may decide to dismiss the case for lack of legal sufficiency, resolve the matter informally (without the filing of charges), or resolve it formally (with the filing of charges). The diversion population includes all youth referred for legal processing but handled without the filing of formal charges.
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Contact Points Standard Definitions (contd)
Contact Point Definition
Detention Detention refers to youth held in secure detention facilities at some point during court processing of delinquency cases (i.e., prior to disposition). The detention population may also include youth held in secure detention to await placement following a court disposition. For the purposes of DMC, detention may also include youth held in jails and lockups.
Petitioned/charges filed Formally charged (petitioned) delinquency cases are those that appear on a court calendar in response to the filing of a petition, complaint, or other legal instrument requesting the court to adjudicate a youth as a delinquent or status offender or to waive jurisdiction and transfer a youth to criminal court.
Delinquent findings Youth are judged or found to be delinquent during adjudicatory hearings in juvenile court. Being found (or adjudicated) delinquent is roughly equivalent to being convicted in criminal court.
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Contact Points Standard Definitions (contd)
Contact Point Definition
Probation Those in which a youth is placed on formal or court-ordered supervision following a juvenile court disposition. Notably, youth on probation under voluntary agreements without adjudication should not be counted here but should instead be part of the diverted population.
Confinement in secure correctional facilities Confined cases are those in which, following a court deposition, youth are placed in secure residential or correctional facilities for delinquent offenders. The confinement population should not include all youth placed in any form of out-of-home placement.
Transferred to adult court Waived cases in which a youth is transferred to criminal court as a result of a judicial finding in juvenile court. Juveniles may be transferred to criminal court through a variety of other methods, but most of these methods are difficult or impossible to track from within the juvenile justice system, including prosecutor discretion or concurrent jurisdiction, legislative exclusion, and the variety of blended sentencing laws.
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Module 3 Phase 1 Identification Measuring
the Extent of DMC
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Phase 1. Identification

• Answer the questions
• Does DMC exist?
• If so, where on the juvenile justice continuum?
• And with what minority population?
• To what extent?

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Important Considerations in Measuring DMC

• The need to compare jurisdictions and trends
  despite vast differences in the demographic
  composition of communities.
• DMC measurement is like taking vital signs in a
  hospitalit doesnt tell you what the illness is
  or how to fix it, but it does tell you if it is
  getting better or worse and where to aim
  diagnostic resources.

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Why Measure DMC?

• To determine the existence and extent of
  disproportionalitybetween race comparisons
  within jurisdictions and at specific decision
  points.
• To make comparisons across multiple jurisdictions
  and select jurisdictions to receive primary
  attention.
• For data-based targeting of assessment studies,
  identifying points of intervention, and resource
  allocation.
• To enable monitoring/comparison of DMC trends.

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Rates
Total number of units measured by the indicator
in relation to some base (population or volume of
activity at the juvenile justice system contact
points).
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Relative Rate Index Formula When Compared With
White Rate(Most Frequently Used Formula)
Relative Rate Index minority rate white rate

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Relative Rate Index Formula When Compared With
Another Minority Rate(When minority youth
comprise the majority of the youth population)
Relative Rate Index minority rate
another minority rate
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Relationship of Data Elements for Relative Rate
Index Calculations

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Identifying the numerical bases for rate
calculations
Contact Point Preferred base for rate
Arrest Rate 1,000 population
Referral to juvenile court Rate per 100 arrests
Diversion (prior to adjudication) Rate per 100 referrals
Detention Rate per 100 referrals
Petition/charges filed Rate per 100 referrals
Delinquency finding Rate per 100 petitions/charges filed
Placement in probation Rate per 100 delinquency findings
Placement in secure correctional facility Rate per 100 delinquency findings
Transfer to adult court Rate per 100 petitions filed
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A Simple Example

• A state with nearly 1,100,000 white non-Hispanic
  youths has 22,175 arrests in 2002 involving such
  youths. What is the rate of arrests per 1,000
  white non-Hispanic youth?
• The same state has nearly 185,000 non-Hispanic
  black or African-American youths with 12,700
  arrests in 2002,. What is the rate of arrests per
  1,000 non-Hispanic black or African-American
  youth?
• What is the Relative Rate Index, indicating the
  relative volume of arrests involving black or
  African-American youth compared with that of
  white youth?

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A Simple Example (contd)

• A state with nearly 1,100,000 white
  (non-Hispanic) youths has 22,175 arrests in 2002
  involving such youths. What is the rate of
  arrests per 1,000 white non-Hispanic youth?
• 22,175 / 1,100,000 x 1,000 20.1
• The same state has nearly 185,000 (non-Hispanic)
  black or African-American youths with 12,700
  arrests in 2002. What is the rate of arrest per
  1,000 non-Hispanic black or African-American
  youth?
• 12,700 / 185,000 x 1,000 68.6
• What is the Relative Rate Index indicating the
  relative volume of arrests involving black or
  African-American youth compared with that of
  white youth?
• RRI 68.6 / 20.1 3.41, indicating that the
  rate of arrests of black/African-American youth
  was more than 3 times higher than that for white
  non-Hispanic youth.

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A Second Example

• In 2002, this state had 3,588 episodes of
  diversion among white non-Hispanic youth with a
  total referral activity of 22,175. What was the
  rate of diversions of per 100 referrals for white
  youth?
• Among black or African-American youth, there
  were 1,121 episodes of diversion with a total
  referral activity of 12,681. What was the rate of
  diversion per 100 referrals for black or
  African-American youth?
• What was the RRI, indicating the rate of
  diversion activity for black or African-American
  youth compared with that for white youth?

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A Second Example (contd)

• In 2002, this state had 3,588 episodes of
  diversion among white non-Hispanic youth, with a
  total referral activity of 22,175. What was the
  rate of diversions per 100 referrals for white
  non-Hispanic youth?
• 3,588 / 22,175 x 100 16.18
• Among black or African-American youth, there
  were 1,121 episodes of diversion with a total
  referral activity of 12,681. What was the rate of
  diversion per 100 referrals for black or
  African-American youth?
• 1,121 / 12,681 x 100 8.84
• What was the RRI, indicating what the rate of
  diversion activity for black or African-American
  youth compared with that for white youth?
• RRI 8.84 / 16.18 0.55 indicating that the
  rate of diversion for black/African-American
  youth is a little more than half the rate of
  diversion for white non-Hispanic youth.

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Five Steps of Interpreting and Analyzing RRI
Values to Drive Decision-Making
Step 1. Statistical significance Step 2.
Magnitude of RRI Step 3. Volume of
activity Step 4. Comparison with other
jurisdictions Step 5. Contextual Considerations
(Examining the local context)
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Step 1 of Interpreting and Analyzing RRI Values
to Drive Decision-Making

• Step 1. Statistical significance
• Statistically significant does not mean that a
  difference is big or important.
• A statistically significant difference does mean
  that there is statistical evidence that a
  difference in rates is unlikely to have occurred
  by chance. In other words, we can have confidence
  that 95 times out of 100 (contingent upon the
  significance level chosen) the difference was not
  random.

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Anywhere County Raw Data

Anywhere County Total Youth White Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Hawaiian Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
1. Population at risk (age 10 through 17) 176,115 115,605 15,622 13,238 26,368 0 1,824 3,458 60,510
2. Juvenile Arrests 6,492 4,236 1,630 0 456 0 170 0 2,256
3. Referrals to Juvenile Court 9,641 5,166 2,636 700 860 0 228 51 4,475
4. Cases Diverted 3,625 2,147 816 258 323 0 63 18 1,478
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention 2,902 1,316 1,055 212 211 0 96 12 1,586
6. Cases Petitioned (Charge Filed) 4,368 2,149 1,425 327 322 0 134 11 2,219
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings 2,755 1,355 889 192 222 0 89 8 1,400
8. Cases Resulting in Probation Placement 1,634 862 477 109 145 0 38 3 772
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities 1,125 460 427 96 104 0 34 4 665
10. Cases Transferred to Adult Court 41 13 20 3 5 0 0 0 28
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Analysis Based on Statistical Significance
DataAnywhere County Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
2. Juvenile Arrests 2.85 NA 0.47 NA 2.54 1.02
3. Referrals to Juvenile Court 1.33 NA 1.55 NA 1.10 1.63
4. Cases Diverted 0.74 0.89 0.90 NA 0.66 0.85 0.79
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention 1.57 1.19 0.96 NA 1.65 0.92 1.39
6. Cases Petitioned (Charge Filed) 1.30 1.12 0.90 NA 1.41 0.52 1.19
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings 0.99 0.93 1.09 NA 1.05 1.00
8. Cases Resulting in Probation Placement 0.84 0.89 1.03 NA 0.67 0.87
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities 1.41 1.47 1.38 NA 1.13 1.40
10. Cases Transferred to Adult Court 2.85 NA 2.09
Group meets 1 percent threshold Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

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Five Steps of Interpreting and Analyzing RRI
Values to Drive Decision-Making (contd)

• Step 2. Magnitude of RRI
• Step 3. Volume of activity
• Step 4. Comparison with other jurisdictions
• Step 5. Contextual Considerations (i.e. examining
  the local context)

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Step 2 of Interpreting and Analyzing RRI Values
to Drive Decision-Making
Step 2 Magnitude of RRI (i.e. the effect
size) The size of the RRI based on the magnitude
of the index values. Statistical equality in
processing should generate an RRI value of
1.0. To what extent does each stage generate a
value substantially different from 1.0? Values
under 1.0 reflect disparities as well Step 3
Volume of activity Step 4 Comparison with other
jurisdictions Step 5 Examining the local context
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Magnitude How much RRI is above or below 1.0
Area of concern Decision stage or contact points
More than 1.00 Arrests Referrals to Juvenile Court Cases involving secure detention Cases petitioned Cases resulting in delinquency findings Cases resulting in confinement in secure juvenile correctional facilities Cases transferred to adult court
Less than 1.00 Cases diverted Cases resulting in probation placement
Note RRI values that cause DMC concern can be greater than 1 or less than 1. Note RRI values that cause DMC concern can be greater than 1 or less than 1.
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Analysis Based on Magnitude of RRI
The greatest statistically significant
disparities are at the arrest stage for Blacks
and Native Americans and the adult court transfer
stage for Black youth.
DataAnywhere County Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
2. Juvenile Arrests 2.85 NA 0.47 NA 2.54 1.02
3. Referrals to Juvenile Court 1.33 NA 1.55 NA 1.10 1.63
4. Cases Diverted 0.74 0.89 0.90 NA 0.66 0.85 0.79
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention 1.57 1.19 0.96 NA 1.65 0.92 1.39
6. Cases Petitioned (Charge Filed) 1.30 1.12 0.90 NA 1.41 0.52 1.19
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings 0.99 0.93 1.09 NA 1.05 1.00
8. Cases Resulting in Probation Placement 0.84 0.89 1.03 NA 0.67 0.87
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities 1.41 1.47 1.38 NA 1.13 1.40
10. Cases Transferred to Adult Court 2.85 NA 2.09
Group meets 1 percent threshold Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

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Analysis Based on Magnitude of RRI
The RRIs for Black and Native American youth at
the detention stage show the next greatest
magnitude of disparity.
DataAnywhere County Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
2. Juvenile Arrests 2.85 NA 0.47 NA 2.54 1.02
3. Referrals to Juvenile Court 1.33 NA 1.55 NA 1.10 1.63
4. Cases Diverted 0.74 0.89 0.90 NA 0.66 0.85 0.79
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention 1.57 1.19 0.96 NA 1.65 0.92 1.39
6. Cases Petitioned (Charge Filed) 1.30 1.12 0.90 NA 1.41 0.52 1.19
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings 0.99 0.93 1.09 NA 1.05 1.00
8. Cases Resulting in Probation Placement 0.84 0.89 1.03 NA 0.67 0.87
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities 1.41 1.47 1.38 NA 1.13 1.40
10. Cases Transferred to Adult Court 2.85 NA 2.09
Group meets 1 percent threshold Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

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Analysis Based on Magnitude of RRI
The smallest RRI values below 1.00 are found for
Black and Native American youth at the diversion
stage. They receive the benefit of diversion at a
considerably lower rate than White youth.
DataAnywhere County Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
2. Juvenile Arrests 2.85 NA 0.47 NA 2.54 1.02
3. Referrals to Juvenile Court 1.33 NA 1.55 NA 1.10 1.63
4. Cases Diverted 0.74 0.89 0.90 NA 0.66 0.85 0.79
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention 1.57 1.19 0.96 NA 1.65 0.92 1.39
6. Cases Petitioned (Charge Filed) 1.30 1.12 0.90 NA 1.41 0.52 1.19
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings 0.99 0.93 1.09 NA 1.05 1.00
8. Cases Resulting in Probation Placement 0.84 0.89 1.03 NA 0.67 0.87
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities 1.41 1.47 1.38 NA 1.13 1.40
10. Cases Transferred to Adult Court 2.85 NA 2.09
Group meets 1 percent threshold Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

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Step 3 of Interpreting and Analyzing RRI Values
to Drive Decision-Making
Step 3 Volume of activity The amount of
activity at each contact point. In which stages
(among the ones showing significant RRIs) are the
most youth involved? Focus on the groups and
stages that will have the impact on the largest
numbers of youth. Step 4 Comparison with other
jurisdictions Step 5 Examining the local context
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Volume of Activity by Race and Contact Point
  Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
2. Juvenile Arrests 1,630 NA 456 0 170 0 2,256
3. Referrals to Juvenile Court 2,636 700 860 0 228 51 4,475
4. Cases Diverted 816 258 323 0 63 18 1,478
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention 1,055 212 211 0 96 12 1,586
6. Cases Petitioned (Charge Filed) 1,425 327 322 0 134 11 2,219
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings 889 192 222 0 89 8 1,400
8. Cases Resulting in Probation Placement 477 109 145 0 38 3 772
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities 427 96 104 0 34 4 665
10. Cases Transferred to Adult Court 20 3 5 0 0 0 28

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Step 4 of Interpreting and Analyzing RRI Values
to Drive Decision-Making
Step 4 Comparison with other jurisdictions How
the county compares with other counties across
the country with available data (900
counties). Step 5 Examining the local context
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Compare Your Date With the National Data

• Using the National DMC Databook and/or the RRI
  Comparison Tool
• Examine basic rates and RRI values for Black,
  Native and Asian youth (not Hispanic yet)
• Explore trends over time and for differing crime
  categories
• View sample text interpretations for the RRI
  values.
• www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/dmcdb/asp/sources.asp
  

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Comparison With Other Jurisdictions

• The Basis for Comparison
• 900 jurisdictions with data entered into the
  OJJDP Web site during 2006-07
• Grouped according to the size of the total
  juvenile population
• 1. Under 5,000 total youth
• 2. 5,000 through 19,999 youth
• 3. 20,000 or more total youth
• 4. All jurisdictions
• Used to show the jurisdictions RRI value for a
  particular decision stage and race/ethnicity
  group in percentile terms compared with other
  similar jurisdictions.
• Using the DMC Local Data Comparison tool
• On the Web from the OJJDP DMC tools web page
  (http//ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/dmc/tools/index.html)
• Using an Excel spreadsheet downloaded from the
  OJJDP Web site

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Comparison With Other Jurisdictions
County Name ANYWHERE County ANYWHERE County ANYWHERE County  
Select County size for Comparison 1 (1 Large, 2 Medium, 3 Small , 4 comparison to all counties) (1 Large, 2 Medium, 3 Small , 4 comparison to all counties) (1 Large, 2 Medium, 3 Small , 4 comparison to all counties) (1 Large, 2 Medium, 3 Small , 4 comparison to all counties) (1 Large, 2 Medium, 3 Small , 4 comparison to all counties) (1 Large, 2 Medium, 3 Small , 4 comparison to all counties)
Comparison to be used Compared with Jurisdictions reporting in 2006-7 and having 20,000 youth or more Compared with Jurisdictions reporting in 2006-7 and having 20,000 youth or more Compared with Jurisdictions reporting in 2006-7 and having 20,000 youth or more Compared with Jurisdictions reporting in 2006-7 and having 20,000 youth or more Compared with Jurisdictions reporting in 2006-7 and having 20,000 youth or more Compared with Jurisdictions reporting in 2006-7 and having 20,000 youth or more  
  Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders American Indian or Alaska Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
2. Juvenile Arrests 5.67 1.13 0.52 1.45 2.40
3. Refer to Juvenile Court 0.83 0.95 1.01 1.16 0.87
4. Cases Diverted 0.90 1.06 0.82 0.90 0.93
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention 1.28 0.96 1.05 1.86 1.22
6. Cases Petitioned 1.40 1.54 1.70 1.72 1.46
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings 0.93 0.84 1.23 0.93
8. Cases resulting in Probation Placement 1.00 1.05 1.02 1.01
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities 1.12 0.74 1.07
10. Cases Transferred to Adult Court 1.79 2.88 2.03

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Step 5 of Interpreting and Analyzing RRI Values
to Drive Decision-Making

• Step 5 Examining the local context
• Is the agency involved in that decision point
  amenable to change?
• Have there been recent events (public relations
  issues) that make a change in DMC patterns more
  or less likely?
• Are funds or resources available that might
  assist (or hinder, if lacking) the DMC effort at
  this decision point?
• Is strong leadership available that is committed
  to addressing DMC issues?

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Step 5 of Interpreting and Analyzing RRI Values
to Drive Decision-Making (continued)

• Are best practices models for this decision point
  available and applicable?
• Is there support for DMC reduction within the
  affected minority group and within the political
  leadership of that group?
• Are there issues with the affected minority group
  regarding media attention at this decision point
  (e.g., potentially high visibility events that
  could generate support or resistance for DMC)?

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DMC Data Common Issues

• Missing data elements
• Inability to find Hispanic data for arrest
• Data definitions that dont match the OJJDP
  recommendations
• Small numbers
• Racial minority may actually be the statistical
  majority
• Homogenous communities in which there are few
  white youth

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Sample RRI Analysis Tracking Sheet
Key S Statistically Significant
MMagnitude of RRI VVolume of Activity
CComparative with other jurisdictions
CContextual Considerations
State Any State, County Any County Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander American Indian or Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
2. Juvenile Arrests S,M,V,C,C N/A S,M,V N/A S,M,V,C,C
3. Referrals to Juvenile Court S, M,V, C N/A S,M,V N/A S,M,V S,M,V,
4. Cases Diverted S, M,V, C S,M,V S,M,V N/A S,M S,M,V,C
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention S,M,V,C,C S,M,V N/A S,M S,V,C
6. Cases Petitioned (Charges Filed) S,M,V S,M,V S,M,V N/A S,M S,M S, V
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings S,M,V N/A S,M
8. Cases resulting Probation Placement S,M,V S,M,V N/A S,M,V,
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities S,M,V S,M,VC,C S,M,V N/A S,M S,M,V,
Cases Transferred to Adult Court S,M,V,C,C N/A

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Small Group Exercise 5 Step RRI Analysis
Please answer the following questions in
writing and complete the RRI Analysis and
Tracking Sheet based on the data from (Insert
State Here) targeted jurisdictions. You will be
asked to explain your answers. 1. Statistical
Significance Is there statistical significance
at any juvenile justice system contact points? If
so, what are they? 2. Magnitude of RRI Values
Which of these statistically significant RRIs
are also of a considerable magnitude (i.e. how
much greater or lower than 1.0)?
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Small Group Exercise 5 Step RRI Analysis
(continued)
3. Volume of Activity Among these significant
RRIs of large magnitude, which are also
associated with a large volume of cases? 4.
Comparison of other jurisdictions How does this
jurisdiction(s) compare to other communities in
the state (urban, suburban, rural, etc.)? 5.
Contextual Considerations Are there any
contextual considerations that could act as
barriers to addressing DMC in this community?
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RRI Analysis Tracking Sheet
Key S Statistically Significant
MMagnitude of RRI VVolume of Activity
CComparative with other jurisdictions
CContextual Considerations
State Any State, County Any County Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander American Indian or Native Other/ Mixed All Minorities
2. Juvenile Arrests
3. Referrals to Juvenile Court
4. Cases Diverted
5. Cases Involving Secure Detention
6. Cases Petitioned (Charges Filed)
7. Cases Resulting in Delinquent Findings
8. Cases resulting Probation Placement
9. Cases Resulting in Confinement in Secure Juvenile Correctional Facilities
Cases Transferred to Adult Court

3-35
56
DMC-Reduction Planning Worksheet
DMC-REDUCTION ACTIVITIES  JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT
DMC-REDUCTION ACTIVITIES  Arrest Referral Diversion Detention Petitioned/Charges Filed Delinquent Findings Probation Confinement in Secure Correctional Facilities Transferred to Adult Courts
Identification                  
Assessment/ Diagnosis                  
Intervention Strategies (Including Staffing, Funding, and Timelines)                  
Evaluation/ Performance Measurement                  
Monitoring
3-36
57
Module 4 Phase 2 Assessment/Diagnosis What
Possible Factors/Mechanisms Contribute to DMC?
58
Phase 2. Assessment

• Answers the questions
• Given the knowledge we have about our community,
  what probable explanations may be generated about
  DMC in the areas of focus?
• What are the types of data and patterns of
  results needed to support the possible
  explanations generated?
• What are the sources of the needed data?
• Based on analyses of data obtained, what are the
  most likely mechanisms creating DMC in the areas
  of focus based on data analysis?
• What are the mechanisms that the community
  decides to address with intervention strategies?

4-1
59
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Differential Treatment

• Is DMC caused by intentional or
  unintentional bias? Intentional bias is overt
  and operates on stereotypes and assumptions.
  Unintentional bias is typically indirect and
  operates through legitimate criteria but
  disadvantages minority youth.
• For example, are more minority youth referred to
  secure detention based on indirect effects?
• Suggested data sources
• Case files
• Surveys of youth and staff
• Detention Risk Assessment Instruments

4-2
60
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Differential Behavior

• In offenses reported to the police, do
  descriptions of an offenders race indicate that
  minorities and non minorities commit offenses at
  different rates?
• How does this difference lead to the DMC numbers
  that we see? Do we have differences in
  drug-related offenses, violence offenses, gang
  offenses, and/or recidivism offenses per age
  groups?
• Suggested data sources
• Arrest records (police records)
• Self-reported delinquency reports (Youth Risk
  Behavior Survey)
• Incident-based crime reports (National
  Incident-Based Reporting System)
• Aggregated crime statistics (State Statistical
  Analysis Centers)

4-3
61
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Mobility

• Is there an influx of juveniles that temporarily
  changes the demographic composition of the
  population?
• For example, is this a summer destination or
  spring break destination?
• What is the relationship between the youths
  legal residence and the location/jurisdiction of
  apprehension?
• Suggested data sources
• Arrest data (police reports)
• Court referral data

4-4
62
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Indirect Effects

• What are the risk factors for involvement in the
  juvenile justice system?
• To what extent do risk factors differ for kids of
  color, and does it explain RRI?
• Suggested data sources
• OJJDP Model Programs Guide community indicators
• Self-report data on alcohol, tobacco, and other
  drug use
• Community-level income data
• Community-level unemployment rate
• Community-level demographic data
• Area-level school attendance data

4-5
63
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Differential
Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment

• Do minorities and non-minorities have the same
  access to services in terms of the service
  programs location, fees, other requirements, and
  the like?
• Are minorities and non-minorities offered
  prevention and early intervention programming at
  the same rate?
• If minority youth are more involved in particular
  offenses, are prevention and treatment services
  available to address those types of behavior?
• What is the rate at which minorities are admitted
  to community-based programs for first-time
  offenders compared with the rate at which they
  are confined in secure detention? How do these
  rates compare with the rates for non-minorities?

4-6
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Mechanisms Leading to DMC Differential
Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment
(continued)

• What is the rate at which minorities are enrolled
  in prevention programming for at-risk youths? How
  does this rate compare with the rate at which
  non-minorities are being admitted?
• What is the minority participation in existing
  prevention programs? What is the effectiveness of
  the programs?
• Suggested data sources
• Prevention program availability, enrollment, and
  participation data
• Court disposition data

4-7
65
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Differential Handling
or Inappropriate Decision-Making Criteria

• What are the bases or criteria on which
  decisions are made?
• Are those criteria applied consistently across
  all groups of youth?
• Are the criteria structured in a manner that
  places some groups at a disadvantage?
• Are minorities and non-minorities treated
  similarly by the justice system?
• Are minorities and non-minorities treated
  similarly when charged with the same type of
  offense?
• How do the rates at which minorities and
  non-minorities are adjudicated for the same
  offenses differ?
• How do the rates at which minorities and
  non-minorities are offered programming compare?

4-8
66
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Differential Handling
or Inappropriate Decision-Making Criteria

• Do youths reports of interaction between youth
  and those who work in the juvenile justice system
  differ across races and ethnicities? How?
• How do arrest rates compare with incident-based
  crime reports for minorities and non-minorities?
• What factors are putting youths at risk of
  offending?
• What factors are protecting them?
• Suggested data sources
• NIBRS data (where available)
• Periodic client surveys

4-9
67
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Justice by Geography

• To what extent, do different neighborhoods,
  communities, or regions have different rates of
  arrest, different sensitivity to types of
  offenses, different definitions of severity or
  other juvenile justice decisions?
• Do those differences coincide with different
  racial and ethnic composition?
• Suggested data sources
• Arrest data by neighborhood, region, county, or
  state

4-10
68
Mechanisms Leading to DMC Legislation,
Policies, and Legal Factors with DMC Impact

• What rules exist for releasing youths after the
  initial hearing? Do these rules
  disproportionately affect minorities?
• What policies are in place to regulate behavior
  among youths at the area schools? Do these
  disproportionately affect minority youths?
• Does enforcement deployment differ?
• What procedures exist for providing youth with
  indigent defense? Do these procedures
  disproportionately affect minority youths?
• Suggested data sources
• State and/or local code
• Administrative rules regarding handling of youths
  in the juvenile justice system

4-11
69
Mechanisms Leading to DMCAccumulated
Disadvantage

• Simple accumulation
• Do small to moderate differences at each stage
  compound into a disadvantage for minority youth?
• Impacts on later decisions
• Do decisions made at earlier stages affect
  outcomes at later stages, in particular, judicial
  disposition?
• Suggested data sources
• RRI-level data
• Transactional data including race/ethnicity and
  the outcomes of multiple decisions within the
  juvenile justice system

4-12
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Mechanisms Leading to DMCStatistical Aberrations

• Counting issues
• Do census estimates provide substantial
  undercounts of specific groups?
• Do classification and recording issues related to
  racial/ethnic identification lead to substantial
  uncertainty about the rates of system activity?
• Statistical issues
• Do small numbers in specific groups or small
  numbers within a jurisdiction for a year make it
  difficult to identify statistically significant
  patterns?
• Possible solutions (as noted earlier) aggregate
  data over multiple jurisdictions or multiple
  years.
• Possible data source other service system data

4-13
71
Assessment Exercise Name That Mechanism

Name That Mechanism

4-14
72
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-15
73
Name That Mechanism
Youth who appear with a private attorney are
diverted at a higher rate than those with public
defenders.
4-16
74
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-17
75
Name That Mechanism
The County juvenile diversion programs are only
for first-time offenders
4-18
76
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-19
77
Name That Mechanism
The Police Department has decided that all
juvenile felony cases must go directly to Court
and by-pass Intake Screening
4-20
78
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-21
79
Name That Mechanism
The Latin Kings street gang
4-22
80
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-23
81
Name That Mechanism
Bobby gets in trouble so often because his
father has been in prison for the past five years
4-24
82
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-25
83
Name That Mechanism
The Central City School District has Zero
Tolerance for fights participants must be
arrested
4-26
84
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-27
85
Name That Mechanism
In Anywhere County, each of the suburban
communities has a Youth Court diversion program,
but the Central City doesnt
4-28
86
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-29
87
Name That Mechanism
New York City Times Square Memphis Beale
Street New Orleans Bourbon Street San Francisco
Haight Ashbury
4-30
88
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-31
89
Name That Mechanism
Some prefer powder cocaine, while others prefer
crack cocaine
4-32
90
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-33
91
Name That Mechanism
Bobbys Mom has three jobs
4-34
92
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-35
93
Name That Mechanism
Gang members are not allowed at the Central City
Girls and Boys Club
4-36
94
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-37
95
Name That Mechanism
Poverty is the reason we have Disproportionate
Minority Contact in the Juvenile Justice System
4-38
96
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-39
97
Name That Mechanism
When non-secure group home residents go AWOL, an
arrest warrant is issued. When the residents are
eventually arrested, the warrant prescribes they
be taken directly to secure detention.
4-40
98
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-41
99
Name That Mechanism
The Anywhere County Family/Juvenile Court does
not have any Spanish-speaking staff
4-42
100
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-43
101
Name That Mechanism
There is an 80 re-arrest rate among juveniles
who are released from long-term residential
correctional placement
4-44
102
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-45
103
Name That Mechanism
The Suburban Town Police Chief reports that the
Super Mall, which is on the City busline, has a
big shoplifting problem, mostly involving Central
City juveniles
4-46
104
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-47
105
Name That Mechanism
The Anywhere County Probation Departments
Juvenile Electronic Monitoring Program charges
clients 10 a day for their electronic ankle
bracelet
4-48
106
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-49
107
Name That Mechanism
Anywhere County Department of Juvenile Justice
Criminal History Name Bobby Jones DOB
06/13/1997 5/18/2007 - Truancy
Petition 10/18/2007 - Truancy Petition 10/20/2007
- Shoplifting 11/15/2007 - Adjudicated PINS, 6
months Probation 12/07/2007 - Larceny
3rd 12/07/2007 - Admitted Secure
Detention 12/10/2007 - Probation Violation,
Probation extended 12 months 12/26/2007 -
Burglary 2nd 12/26/2007 - Admitted Secure
Detention 3/15/2008 - Placed in Juvenile
Corrections, 6 months
4-50
108
Differential Offending Mobility Indirect Effects
Differential Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment Name That Mechanism Differential Handling
Justice by Geography Legislation, Policy, and Legal Factors Accumulated Disadvantage
4-51
109
Discussing Mechanisms Leading to DMC

• Generate a list of probable explanations.
• Discuss each probable explanation.
• Questions to ask or data to collect to determine
  if this explanation stands.
• Suggested data sources to check out this
  explanation.

4-52
110
Analyzing the Data and Determining the Most
Likely Mechanism(s) Creating DMC

• What process will the community use to identify
  the mechanisms?
• Who is going to be brought into the process to
  understand and accept the data?
• Who is going to be brought together to bring
  ideas?
• Identify possible mechanisms that contribute to
  the differences at contact point, such as
  arrests.
• Suggest data or other information that would
  help decide which of the alternative mechanisms
  should be studied.
• What organizations and individuals should be
  involved in gathering this information?
• Who is going to do the analysis?
• Does the mechanism have the hypothesized
  relationship to race/ethnicity?
• Does the mechanism have the expected relationship
  to the juvenile justice contact point that is
  being explained?
• If the impact of that mechanism is held constant,
  does the strength of the relationship of
  race/ethnicity at that same contact point become
  markedly reduced?

4-53
111
Assessment Data Collection Strategies

• Informational interviews
• Focus groups
• Review court and other agency case-level records
• State and national risk factor data (e.g.,
  census data, alcohol and drug abuse data, school
  data)
• Specialized surveys

4-54
112
DMC-Reduction Planning Worksheet
DMC-REDUCTION ACTIVITIES  JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT JUVENILE JUSTICE POINTS OF CONTACT
DMC-REDUCTION ACTIVITIES  Arrest Referral Diversion Detention Petitioned/Charges Filed Delinquent Findings Probation Confinement in Secure Correctional Facilities Transferred to Adult Courts
Identification                  
Assessment/ Diagnosis                  
Intervention Strategies (Including Staffing, Funding, and Timelines)                  
Evaluation/ Performance Measurement                  
Monitoring
4-55
113
Module 5 Phase 3 Intervention Developing
Data-Based Strategies to Reduce DMC
114
Phase 3. Intervention

• Answer the following questions
• What direct services are available?
• Is there training and technical assistance
  available?
• What systems change activities are needed?

5-1
115
Intervention Strategies
Intervention Type
Direct services -Prevention and early intervention -Diversion -Alternatives to secure confinement -Advocacy
Training and technical assistance -Cultural competency training and program development -Culturally competent staffing practices
Systems change -Legislative reforms -Administrative, policy, and procedural changes -Structured decision-making
5-2
116
Direct ServicesPrevention and Early Intervention

• Prevention is proactive and aimed at youth who
  exhibit risk factors for delinquency but who have
  not been adjudicated delinquent. Intervention is
  reactive and aimed at youth already juvenile
  justicesystem involved.
• Examples family therapy, parent training,
  cognitive behavioral treatment, mentoring,
  academic skills enhancement, afterschool
  recreation, vocational/job training, and
  wraparound services.
• DMC mechanisms addressed differential offending,
  mobility effects, indirect effects, and
  differential opportunities for prevention and
  treatment.

5-3
117
Direct Services Diversion

• Specialized subset of interventions that
  typically serve youth who are at risk or have
  been arrested or referred to the juvenile court
  for status offenses or non-serious delinquent
  offenses.
• Examples community service, informal hearings,
  family group conferences, victim impact panels,
  victimoffender mediation, mentoring, teen
  courts, restitution, and other restorative
  justice strategies.
• DMC mechanisms addressed indirect effects,
  differential opportunities, differential
  processing, justice by geography.

5-4
118
Direct ServicesAlternatives to Secure
Confinement

• Alternatives keep less-serious or nonviolent
  offenders at home or in their home communities
  with greater access to needed resources without
  endangering the community, and at much less
  expense.
• Examples home confinement (or house arrest), day
  (or evening) treatment facilities, shelter care,
  specialized foster care, attendant or holdover
  care, and intensive supervision programs.
• DMC mechanisms addressed indirect effects,
  differential opportunities, differential
  processing, and justice by geography.

5-5
119
Direct Services Advocacy

• Advocacy connects youth and families with a
  variety of social networks and service providers
  to integrate services that multiple agencies
  provide, to ensure continuity of care, and to
  facilitate the development of a youths social
  skills. It promotes the coordination of human
  services for, opportunities for, or benefits that
  help juvenile justice systeminvolved youth and
  families.
• Examples Detention advocacy programs, minority
  family advocacy programs in Colorado.
• DMC mechanisms addressed indirect effects,
  differential opportunities, and differential
  processing.

5-6
120
Training and Technical AssistanceCultural
Competency Training and Program Development

• Cultural competency training and culturally
  competent programs engender a deeper awareness of
  cultural factors (e.g., differences in
  communication styles, body language and demeanor,
  language use, beliefs about the family, attitudes
  toward authority figures) among staff,
  administrators, and the public that typically
  influence decision-making about youth.
• Examples training in cultural differences for
  law enforcement/juvenile justice practitioners,
  Strengthening Families Program, and Syracuse
  Family Development Research Program. Programs
  need to be tailored to the culture and population
  served.
• DMC mechanisms addressed indirect effects,
  differential opportunities, differential
  processing, accumulated disadvantage, and justice
  by geography.

5-7
121
Training and Technical AssistanceCulturally
Competent Staffing Practices

• Hire, promote, and retainat all levels
  qualifiedculturally competent personnel who
  belong to the minority groups that these agencies
  serve.
• Examples minority internship programs,
  interpreters, translators, minority recruitment
  programs, language-appropriate materials, and
  community-based neighborhood prosecution.
• DMC mechanisms addressed differential
  opportunities, differential processing,
  accumulated disadvantage, legislation, policies,
  and legal factors.

5-8
122
Systems Change Legislative Reforms

• Legislative reforms that promote systems change
  can be an effective strategy for addressing DMC
  because of the enormous potential for producing
  broad-based change in every aspect of the system.
• Examples monitoring bills concerning juvenile
  justice issues to ensure they do not result in
  statutes that could fuel overrepresentation or
  bias justice officials decision-making enacting
  laws to establish standards for decision-making
  at certain stages of the juvenile justice
  process.
• DMC mechanisms addressed differential
  processing legislation, policies, and legal
  factors with disproportionate impact accumulated
  disadvantage.

5-9
123
Systems ChangeAdministrative, Policy, and
Procedural Changes

• Altering the way an organization operates can
  provide the impetus for administrative, policy,
  and procedural changes that can reduce DMC.
• Examples sentencing guidelines, diversion
  guidelines, probation classification systems,
  detention release criteria.
• DMC mechanisms addressed differential
  opportunities differential processing
  legislation, policies, and legal factors with
  disproportionate impact accumulated
  disadvantage.

5-10
124
Systems ChangeStructured Decision-Making

• Uses statistical risk classification (i.e., a
  risk assessment instrument) to objectively
  classify youth according to level of risk and to
  reassess level of risk at different stages in the
  juvenile justice process.
• Examples detention screening instruments, risk
  assessment instruments, needs assessment
  instruments.
• DMC mechanisms addressed differential
  processing accumulated disadvantage.

5-11
125
Intervention Strategies and Contributing
Mechanisms
Direct Services Training Technical Assistance Systems Change
Differential Offending X
Mobility X X X
Indirect Effects X X
Differential Opportunities X X X
Differential Handling/ Inappropriate Criteria X X
Justice by Geography X X
Accumulated Disadvantage X X X
Legislation, Policies, legal factors X X
Statistical Aberrations X X
Contributing Mechanisms
5-12
126
Exercise Name That Intervention

Name That Intervention

5-13
127
Prevention Diversion Alternatives to Secure Confinement
Advocacy Name That Intervention Culturally Competent Practices
Legislative Reforms Administrative, Policy, and Procedural Changes Structured Decision Making
5-14
128
Name That Intervention
The County will implement a Risk Assessment
Instrument to screen all possible admissions to
the Juvenile Detention Center
5-15
129
Prevention Diversion Alternatives to Secure Confinement
Advocacy Name That Intervention Culturally Competent Practices
Legislative Reforms Administrative, Policy, and Procedural Changes