Neural and Hormonal Systems ARE A UNION OF OPPOSITES!

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Neural and Hormonal SystemsARE A UNION OF
OPPOSITES!
Will Explain Why We FEEL
Nervous
Strong
Sick
Pain
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It all Starts with the Neuron
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Neuron Structure
Neurons do NOT touch each other- the space in
between is call the synapse.
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Neural Structure Metaphorically (pg 205 in CP)

• Dendrite is like a tree. Also, each branch is a
  telephone wire that carries incoming messages to
  you. Dendrites DETECT
• All or None is like a gun. Fires completely or
  not at all.
• Myelin is like the insulation that covers
  electrical wires. See Multiple Sclerosois Neuron
  is like a silicon chip in a computer that
  receives and transmits information between input
  and output devices as well as between other
  chips.
• Axon is like an electrical cable that carries
  information. Axons ANNOUNCE
• (Union of Opposites)
• Resting Potential is like a battery. Stable
  until electrical charge stimulates it.
• Terminal Button is like the nozzle at the end of
  a hose, from which water is squirted.
• Synapse is like a railroad junction, where two
  trains may meet.

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How a Neuron Fires

• It is an electrochemical process
• Electrical inside the neuron
• Chemical outside the neuron (in the synapse in
  the form of a neurotransmitter).
• The firing is called Action Potential.

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The All-or None Response

• The idea that either the neuron fires or it does
  not- no part way firing.
• Like a gun

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Steps of Action Potential

• Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another
  neuron across the synapse.
• Reached its threshold- then fires based on the
  all-or-none response.
• Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive
  ions (Sodium-Na) which mix with negative ions
  (Chloride-Cl) that is already inside the axon
  (thus Neurons at rest have a slightly negative
  charge).
• The mixing of and ions (Union of Opposites)
  causes an electrical charge that opens up the
  next portal (letting in more Sodium-Na) while
  closing the original portal.
• Positive Potassium (K) is pumped out AS THE
  PROCESS OCCURS DOWN THE AXON and now the neuron
  is in a state of HYPERPOLARIAZTION AND THEREFORE
  CANNOT FIRE UNTIL THE BALANCE IS RESTORED.
• Process continues down axon to the axon terminal.
• Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into
  chemical messengers called (neurotransmitters)
  and shoots message to next neuron across the
  synapse.

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Action Potential
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Neural Impulse Like a Toilet FLUSH!Pg 205 in CP

• all-or-none principle - the toilet either flushes
  completely or not at all it doesnt flush a
  little or a lot
• direction of impulse - the toilet only flushes
  one way, the impulse cant come the other
  direction (you hope!)
• refractory period - after you flush the toilet,
  it wont flush again for a certain period of
  time, even if you push the handle repeatedly
• threshold - you can push the handle a little bit,
  but it wont flush until you push the   handle
  past a certain critical point - this corresponds
  to the level of excitatory neurotransmitters that
  a neuron must absorb before it will fire
• resting potential- if you are using a toilet with
  a tank, the water in the tank can represent
  resting potential. The toilet is waiting to
  fire, and the water in the tank represents the
  overall negative charge inside the neuron waiting
  for depolarization
• action potential - the action potential is
  represented by opening the flap in the tank and
  the water draining (flushing) down into the bowl
• See eBook Animations!

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A GREAT In DEPTH REVIEW OF THE ENTIRE NEURAL
PROCESS from the Khan Academy
http//www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-b
iology/v/neuronal-synapses--chemical
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A Simplified Neural Network
Neurons that learn to work together as a team.
PLASTICITY See In Class Demo Time Trials
Video Lab
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Neurotransmitters The KEYS to Transmission2
Types (Excitatory/Inhibitory) pg 212-213 in CP
READ!2 Ways to Change Their Effect (Agonist and
Antagonist)Union of Opposites

• Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons
  through the synapse.
• We should know at least 4 types and what they do
  and how they UNLOCK the Receptor Sites.

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How Neurons Communicate
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Agonists and Antagonists Pg 212 in CP Union of
Opposites
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Neural BODY CANDY DEMO OF NEURAL PROCEESS AND
SYNPATIC COMMUNICATION (SEE CLASS NOTES)
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Dopamine (Inhibits)

• Its function is motor movement, alertness,
  motivation, reward
• (pp. 212 in CP)

Lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinsons
disease.
Overabundance is associated with schizophrenia.
How is an alcoholic like Parkinsons?
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How Neurons Communicate
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Biological Difference Nucleus Accumbens

• A region in the frontal cortex that directs
  motivation to seek rewards.
• The nucleus accumbens is activated by anticipated
  or received awards (i.e., monetary, chocolate).
  Psych SIM
• Mind on Drugs!
• A team at the National Institutes of Mental
  Health in 2005 saw that the nucleus accumbens
  responded more in adolescents than in adults when
  they received a reward (Monastersky, 2007, para
  27).

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Biological Difference Dopamine

• One reason the nucleus accumbens acts up more in
  adolescence is due to the different ways the
  younger brains deal with the neurotransmitter
  dopamine.
• Dopamine, the brain chemical involved in
  motivation and in reinforcing behavior, is
  particularly abundant and active in the teen
  years (Wallis, 2004, para 21)
• In addition to pleasure, novel situations will
  cause dopamine to squirt into the nucleus
  accumbens.
• Psych Sim Mind on Drugs

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Acetylcholine (Excites!)

• Its function is motor movement and maybe memory.

To much and you will.
Not enough and you will.
Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimers
disease.
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Serotonin

• Function deals with mood control , sleep,
  appetite, control.
• (pp. 212 in CP)

Lack of serotonin has been linked to depression.
ProzacSSRI Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitor
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Endorphins

• Function deals with pain control.

We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings.
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Types of Neurons

• Sensory Neurons
• Motor Neurons
• Inter Neurons

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Sensory Neurons(Afferent Neurons)

• Take information from the senses to the brain.

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Inter Neurons

• Take messages from Sensory Neurons to other parts
  of the brain or to Motor Neurons.

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Motor Neurons(Efferent Neurons)

• Take information from brain to the rest of the
  body.

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System

• Flight or Fight Response

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A Simple Reflex
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The Endocrine System
A system of glands that secrete hormones. Similar
to nervous system, except hormones work a lot
slower than neurotransmitters.
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
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The Major Endocrine Glands