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Genetic Engineering and Technology

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Genetic Engineering and Technology Selective Breeding Process of breeding plants or animals for particular genetic traits. Oldest form of genetic engineering. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Genetic Engineering and Technology


1
Genetic Engineering and Technology
2
Selective Breeding
  • Process of breeding plants or animals for
    particular genetic traits.
  • Oldest form of genetic engineering.
  • Then purpose of selective breeding is to isolate
    and propagate the genotypes that are responsible
    for a plant or animals desired qualities in a
    suitable environment.
  • Another purpose of selective breeding is to
    develop livestock whose desirable traits have
    strong heritable components and can therefore be
    propagated.
  • To modify livestock and poultry to meet consumer
    demands.

3
Purebreds
4
Crossbreeds
  • b. Crossbreeds are a mix of two purebreds to
    create a combination of desired characteristics
    from each breed.

5
Labrador Retriever
Poodle

Labradoodles

6
  • Gene Cloning
  • - Also called recombinant DNA technology, DNA
    cloning, molecular cloning
  • - involves Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR)
  • - is when a gene of interest is located copied
    from a DNA strand that was extracted from an
    organism.
  • -Discovered in 1983 by Kary Mullis
  • (Won Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1993
    for this work)
  • Cloned genes can then be spliced into the DNA of
    many organisms to create GMOs

7
Uses for Gene Cloning
  • Gene Therapy
  • -a technique for correcting defective genes
    responsible for disease development.
  • -A normal gene may be inserted into a location
    on the DNA to replace a nonfunctional gene. -A
    virus is often used to transfer the normal
    gene.

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9
Uses for Gene Cloning
  • 2. Production of Medicine
  • -cloned genes are spliced into the DNA of another
    organism (often a bacterium)
  • -the genetically altered organism (GMO -
    transgenic) now produces the protein the new gene
    codes for.
  • - Source of insulin, human growth hormone, human
    clotting factor, cancer treatment drugs, and many
    others.

10
Reproductive Cloning
  • - To make a complete genetic copy of an
  • existing or previously existing organism.
  • Uses Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
  • 1. Nucleus removed form an egg cell
  • 2. Nucleus removed from a somatic cell (of the
    organism
  • to be cloned) is then placed
    into the egg cell.
  • 3. Egg is treated with chemicals or electric
    current to
  • stimulate mitosis.
  • 4. Embryo is transferred to a uterus to
    continue
  • development.

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12
Therapeutic Cloning
  • embryos are cloned to collect stem cells ( Stem
    cells are important to biomedical researchers
    because they can be used to generate virtually
    any type of specialized cell in the human body. )
  • - used to grow tissues and organs as replacement
    parts or for treat of a disease.

13
DNA Fingerprinting
  • a test to identify and evaluate the DNA in a
    person's cells. Compares two samples for common
    markers.
  • Determine who a person's parents or siblings are.
  • Solve crimes (forensic science). Blood, semen,
    skin, or other tissue left at the scene of a
    crime can be analyzed to help prove whether the
    suspect was or was not present at the crime
    scene.
  • Identify a body. This is useful if the body is
    badly decomposed or if only body parts are
    available, such as following a natural disaster
    or battle.

14
DNA Fingerprinting
  • Often uses Gel Electrophoresis
  • - a technique used for the separation of DNA,
    RNA, or protein molecules using an electric field
    applied to a gel matrix.
  • NOVA DNA Fingerprinting simulation

15
Gel Electrophoresis
16
Genetically Modified Organisms
  • (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e. plants,
    animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic
    material (DNA) has been altered in a way that
    does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural
    recombination.
  • Also called Transgenic organisms
  • Typically created by adding genetic material from
    another species of organism.

17
Genetically Modified Organisms
  • Produced for use in medical research and/or to
    create a new trait in a species.
  • Example GMO Goats
  • Modification spider silk protein gene has been
    inserted into the goats DNA. The goat milk then
    contains the spider silk protein which can then
    be isolated and tested.
  • Purpose production of large quantities of
    spider silk protein which is incredibly strong.

18
Genetically Modified Organisms
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