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Progressivism

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Progressivism & the Republican Roosevelt 1901 - 1912 Progressive Roots 1900 1 in 7 was foreign born 13 million more arrived between 1900 & 1914 Progressivism ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Progressivism


1
Progressivism the Republican Roosevelt
  • 1901 - 1912

2
Progressive Roots
  • 1900 1 in 7 was foreign born
  • 13 million more arrived between 1900 1914
  • Progressivism use government as an agency of
    human welfare opposed to hands-off individualism
    / Laissez-faire
  • Waged war on many evils, notably monopoly,
    corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice

3
Late 19th Century Social Critics
  • 1894 Henry Demarest Lloyd
  • Attacked trust such as Standard Oil
  • Wealth Against Commonwealth
  • 1899 - Thorstien Veblen
  • Assailed the new rich their conspicuous
    consumption predatory wealth
  • The Theory of the Leisure Class
  • 1890 Jacob Riis
  • Exposed the slum conditions of NYC
  • How the Other Half Lives

4
Critics of Social Injustice
  • Used religious doctrine to demand better housing
    living conditions for the urban poor
  • Women were committed to improve the lots of
    families living working in the festering cities
  • Urban Pioneers
  • Jane Adams Hull House
  • Lillian Wald

5
Early 20th Century Muckrakers
  • 1902 - Lincoln Steffens
  • Articles in McClures entitled
    The Shame of the Cities
  • Unmasked the corrupt alliance between big
    business city government
  • 1904 Ida M. Tarbell
  • Articles in McClures
  • Exposé of Standard Oil Company
  • 1906 David G. Phillips
  • Article in Cosmopolitan
  • Charged that US Senate represented RRs trusts

6
20th Century Muckrakers conti
  • 1908 Ray Stannard Baker
  • Following the Color Line
  • Spotlighted that 33 of
    African Americans were illiterate
  • 1906 John Spargo
  • The Bitter Cry of the Children
  • Abuses of child labor

7
Muckrakers Progressive Reformers
  • Muckrakers - believed their primary function was
    to make the public aware of social problems not
    propose solutions
  • Progressive reformers were mainly middle-class
    people who sought to
  • Curb the threats posed by trusts
  • Stem the threats of Socialists by improving the
    common persons conditions of life labor
  • Sought to cleanse capitalism not overthrow it!
  • More democracy was needed to fix things

8
Political Progressivism
  • Direct primary undercut party bosses
  • Initiative voters could directly propose
    legislation. By passing the boss-bought state
    legislatures
  • Referendum place laws on the ballot for final
    approval by the people
  • Recall enable voters to remove
    elected officials who were corrupt

9
Political Progressivism conti
  • Campaign spending contribution laws evened
    the playing field curbed political bribes
  • Secret ballot cut down on political bribes
  • 1913 - Direct Election of Senators
  • 17th Amendment
  • City-Manager System designed to take politics
    out of municipal administration

10
Fighting Bob
  • Robert M. LaFollette Wisconsin
  • Became governor took control from the crooked
    corporations returned it to the people
  • Regulated public utilities
  • Became an example for others to follow
  • Hiram W. Johnson California
  • Broke the grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad
    in CA
  • Charles Evans Hughes New York
  • Investigator of malpractices by gas
    insurance companies coal trust

11
Battling Social Ills
  • Enactment of safety sanitation codes for
    industries
  • Closed harmful trades to juveniles
  • Workmens compensation laws
  • Maximum hours minimum wage laws

12
Sweatshops
  • 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company
  • Fire at the company in NYC incinerated 146 female
    workers
  • Legislation was passed that regulated the hours
    conditions of toil in such firetraps
  • Muller v. Oregon 1908
  • Louis Brandeis persuaded Supreme
    Court to accept the constitutionality
    of laws protecting women
    workers
  • Used to discriminate against women workers

13
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14
Courts Legislation
  • 1905 Lochner v. New York
  • Length of workday was increased
  • Later decreased
  • Saloons
  • Alcohol was connected to prostitution
  • Antiliquor campaigns began

15
Prohibition Movement
  • Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
  • Founded by Frances E. Willard
  • Prayed in saloons
  • 1 million women members
  • Largest womens organization in the world
  • Dry laws passed in some states
  • Controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol
  • 18th amendment passed in 1919 making alcohol
    illegal

16
TRs Square Deal
  • 3 Cs
  • Control of the corporations
  • Consumer protection
  • Conservation of natural resources

17
TRs Square Deal Labor
  • 1902 Coal Strike in Pennsylvania
  • Workers demanded more pay reduction of hours
  • Owners refused arbitration
  • TR held a meeting in the White House
  • TR threatened to use federal force against owners
  • TR urged Congress to create Dept of Commerce
    Labor
  • Goal achieved in 1903
  • Bureau of Corporations branch of Dept
  • Authorized to probe businesses engaged in
    interstate commerce

18
TR Corporations
  • Interstate Commerce Commission 1887
  • Inadequate because railroad barons could appeal
    the commissions decisions on rates
  • Later extended to include more than railroads
  • Power to nullify existing rates stipulate
    maximum rates
  • Elkins Act of 1903
  • Heavy fines could be imposed both on railroads
    that gave rebates shippers that accepted them
  • Hepburn Act of 1906
  • Free passes were restricted

19
The Trustbuster
  • 1902 attacked Northern Securities Company
  • Railroad holding company organized by James Hill
    J.P. Morgan
  • Monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest
  • 1904 Courts upheld TRs suit ordered the
    company to be dissolved
  • Initiated over 40 proceedings against trust
  • Purpose TR wanted to prove that the govt, not
    private business, ruled the country
  • He believed in regulating not fragmenting

20
Caring for the Consumer
  • 1906 Upton Sinclairs The Jungle
  • Exposed the meat packing industry its filth
  • He aimed for the nations heart, but hit its
    stomach
  • Results
  • Meat Inspection Act 1906
  • Preparation of meat shipped over state
    lines would be subject to
    federal inspection
  • Sing the song p.668
  • Pure Food Drug Act 1906
  • Prevent mislabeling of foods drugs

21
Earth Control
  • Americans overall were wasteful
  • Desert Land Act of 1877
  • Govt sold arid land cheaply on the condition
    that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil
    within 3 years
  • Forest Reserve Act of 1891
  • Set aside public forests as national parks
  • Carey Act of 1894
  • Distributed federal land to the states on the
    condition that it be irrigated settled

22
  • Newlands Act of 1902
  • Govt would sell public lands in the western
    states use the funds for irrigation projects
  • 1911 - Roosevelt Dam built on Arizonas Salt
    River
  • Earmarked coal deposits water resources useful
    for irrigation power
  • Sierra Club Boy Scouts

23
The Roosevelt Panic of 1907
  • 1904 - TR elected president
  • Called for
  • Regulation of corporations, taxing
    incomes, protecting workers
  • Announced that he would not seek a 3rd term
  • Panic of 1907
  • Run on banks, suicides, and criminal indictments
    against speculators
  • TR was blamed
  • Aldrich-Vreeland Act 1908
  • Authorized national banks to issue emergency
    currency

24
Election of 1908
  • William Howard Taft (R)
  • Carry out TRs policies
  • Wins easily hand picked by TR
  • William Jennings Bryan (D)
  • Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)

25
Lasting Impact of TR
  • Greatly enlarged the power prestige of the
    presidential office
  • Helped shape the progressive movement the
    liberal reform campaigns that came later
  • Square Deal was the grandfather of FDRs New Deal
  • Opened the eyes of Americans to
    the fact that they shared the world
    with other nations

26
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27
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28
William Howard Taft
  • Former judge lawyer
  • Hostile to labor unions
  • foot-in-the-mouth disease
  • Definitely not the reformer that TR was

29
Dollar Diplomacy
  • Tafts foreign policy
  • Use American investments to boost American
    political interests abroad
  • Govt encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest in
    other countries
  • Especially in the Far East around the Panama
    Canal
  • NY bankers would strengthen American defenses
    foreign policies through investments

30
Problems for Taft
  • Manchuria, China (Open Door Policy)
  • Wanted Americans to end Japanese Russian
    monopoly of RR by buying the RR returning it to
    the Chinese
  • Sec of State Philander C. Knox made the proposal
  • Japan Russia would not sell
  • Caribbean (Monroe Doctrine)
  • Americans encouraged to invest in Honduras
    Haiti to keep out foreign funds
  • American forces were sent Nicaragua in 1912
  • Stayed for 13 years

31
Taft the Trustbuster
  • Brought 90 suits against trusts
    compared to TRs 44
  • 1911 Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of
    Standard Oil
  • Violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
  • rule of reason only those combinations that
    unreasonably restrained trade were illegal
  • 1911 Taft filed an anti-trust suit against US
    Steel Corporation
  • Infuriated TR

32
Taft Splits the Republican Party
  • 1909 Taft called Congress into special session
    to lower tariffs
  • Eventually signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill which
    did not really lower tariffs
  • 1910 Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy
  • Sec of Interior Richard Ballinger opened up
    public lands in Wyoming, Montana, Alaska to
    corporate development
  • Criticized by Gifford Pinchot chief of
    Agriculture Dept of Forestry
  • Taft dismissed Pinchot for insubordination

33
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34
TR Reappears
  • 1911 National Progressive
    Republican League was formed
  • Fighting Bob was the leading candidate (La
    Follette)
  • TR lets it be known that he wants to run again
  • 1912 Taft-Roosevelt explosion
  • Republican convention Taft was selected
  • TR begins third-party crusade
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