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Anatomy Terminology

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Title: Anatomy Terminology


1
Anatomy Terminology
  • Chapter 1

2
Anatomy
  • The study of the structure of an organism
  • Descriptive anatomy relates the individual parts
    of the body to functional systems
  • Pathological anatomy refers to changes in
    structure as they relate to disease
  • Gross /Microscopic Anatomy refers to levels of
    visibility of structures under study
  • Developmental Anatomy studies the growth and
    development of the organism

3
Related Disciplines
  • Cytology/Histology study cells and tissues
  • Myology examines muscle form and function
  • Arthrology studies the joint system for bones
  • Osteology studies form and function of bones
  • Neurology studies the nervous system

4
Physiology
  • The study of the function of the living organism
    and its parts as well as the chemical processes
    involved.

5
Teratogen
  • Causes teratogenesis
  • The development of a severely malformed fetus
  • Its effect must occur during prenatal development
  • Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol syndrome, mental
    retardation, microcephaly
  • Tobacco- growth retardation
  • Heroin and morphine-Neonatal convulsions,
    tremors, death

6
Regions of the Body
  • Trunk-Torso
  • Thorax- Chest
  • Abdomen-anterior abdominal wall
  • Dorsal trunk
  • Back
  • Pelvis
  • Hip bones
  • Head
  • Cranial portion- houses the brain and its
    components
  • Facial portion- houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal
    cavity, and structures related to the upper
    airway and mastication

7
Regions of the Body
  • Lower Extremity
  • Thigh, Leg, Ankle, and Foot
  • Upper Extremity
  • Arm, forearm, Wrist and Hand

8
Orientation
  • Anatomical Position
  • Body is erect
  • Palms, arms and hands face forward
  • Axial Skeleton
  • Head and Trunk
  • Spinal column is the axis
  • Appendicular Skeleton
  • Includes the lower and upper limbs

9
Planes of the Body
  • Illustration p.5
  • Transverse Section
  • Divides body into upper and lower halves
  • Midsagittal Section
  • Divides body into right and left
  • Coronal Section
  • Divides body into front and back halves

10
Terms of Spatial Orientation
  • AnteriorVentral- Front of the Body
  • PosteriorDorsal- Back of the Body
  • Peripheral-Away from the center
  • Superficial-Near the surface
  • Deep- Further from the surface
  • External- outside
  • Internal- within the body
  • Prone-on the belly
  • Supine- on the back

11
Terms of Spatial Orientation
  • Lateral- toward the side
  • Rostral- toward the head
  • Proximal- toward the origin of a structure of the
    body (up)- in reference to limbs
  • Flexion-bending at a joint
  • Extension- extend out, stretch
  • Dorsiflexion-Bending that brings dorsal (back)
    surfaces
  • closer together e.g. Hyperextension (knee, back)
  • Distal- away from midline (down)- in reference to
    limbs
  • Medial- towards the midline

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18
Types of Tissues
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscular Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue

19
The organization of Tissue
20
Types of Tissues
21
Types of Tissues
22
Types of Tissues
23
Epithelial Tissue
  • Superficial layer of mucous membranes and the
    cells constituting the skin
  • Shortage of intercellular material
  • Tightly packed sheet, a protective quality
  • May be many layers
  • Lines nearly all of the cavities of the body as
    well as the tubes that connect them
  • May have cilia or hair-like protrusions that
    actively beat to remove contaminants from the
    epithelial surface

24
Epithelial Tissue
25
Connective Tissue
  • Most complex specialized for the purposes of
    support and protection
  • Composed predominantly of intercellular material,
    known as the matrix
  • May be solid, liquid or gel-like
  • Areolar Tissue-loose connective tissue
  • Fibrous Tissue-binds structures together
  • Cartilage has unique properties of strength and
    elasticity

26
Connective Tissue
  • Blood- fluid component is plasma and blood cells
    are suspended in this matrix
  • Bone-hardest of all connective tissues- compact
    and spongy.

27
Connective Tissue
28
Muscle Tissue
  • Are capable of being stimulated to contract
  • Striated-skeletal muscle- it is used to move
    skeletal structures
  • Smooth muscle- digestive tract and blood vessels,
    generally sheetlike with spindle-shaped cells
  • Cardiac muscle- cells interconnect in a net like
    fashion
  • P. 15 for illustration

29
Muscle Tissue
30
Muscle Tissue
31
Nervous Tissue
  • Highly specialized communicative tissue
  • Consists of neurons or nerve cells that take on a
    variety of forms
  • Transmits information from one neuron to another
  • Transmits information from neurons to muscles
  • Transmits information from sensory receptors to
    other neural structures

32
Nervous Tissue
33
Tissue Aggregates
  • The basic body tissues are used to form larger
    structures
  • Organs
  • Bones
  • Muscles
  • Joints

34
Tissue Aggregates
  • Fascia- surrounds organs, being a sheet-like
    membrane that may be either dense or filmy, thin,
    or thick.
  • Ligaments-binds organs together or hold
    structures in place
  • Tendons-provides a means of attaching muscle to
    bone or cartilage
  • Bones-Provide a rigid skeletal support and
    protect organs and soft tissues

35
Tissue Aggregates
  • Bones
  • All bone begins as a cartilaginous mass
  • Points of articulation or joining between bones
    are comprised of cartilage
  • Rigid skeletal support
  • Protect organs and soft tissues
  • Characterized by length or shape
  • Blood cell production occurs within the cavities
    of the spongy bone trabeculae
  • Illustration P. 19

36
Tissue Aggregates
  • Joints
  • Union of bones with other bones, or cartilage
    with other cartilage
  • Classified based on the degree of movement they
    permit
  • Synarthrodial/ Fibrous joints- have little
    movement, i.e. joints between bones in the skull
    (suture between the two parietal bones), a socket
    and tooth
  • Ampiarthrodial/ Cartilaginous joints-permit
    limited mobility, cartilage provides the union
    between two bones, i.e. between the disks of the
    vertebral column
  • Diarthrodial/ Synovial joints-Highly mobile ,
    lubricating synovial fluid is contained within
    the articular capsule
  • Sutures- see p. 22 for illustration and
    description

37
Synarthrodial (Fibrous)
38
Ampiarthrodial (Cartilage)
39
Diarthrodial (Synovial)
40
Tissue Aggregates
  • Muscle
  • Bound groups of muscle fibers with functional
    unity
  • Fascia covers them
  • Endowed with a tendon to permit attachment to
    skeletal structure
  • Have a nerve supply to provide stimulation of the
    contracting bundle of tissue
  • Have a vascular supply to meet their nutrient
    needs
  • Can contract to approximately one-half its
    original length

41
Tissue Aggregates
  • Muscle
  • Exert force only by shortening the distance
    between two points and can contract only in a
    straight line
  • OriginPoint of attachment of the least mobile
    element
  • InsertionPoint of attachment that moves as a
    result of muscle contraction
  • Agonists Muscles that move a structure
  • AntagonistsMuscles that oppose a given movement
  • SynergistsMuscles that stabilize structures
  • Are innervated or supplied by a single nerve

42
Body Systems
  • Respiratory Systems
  • Respiratory passageway, lungs, trachea
  • Phonatory System
  • Components of the respiratory system, laryngeal
    structures and the digestive system
  • Articulatory System
  • Parts of the anatomically defined digestive and
    respiratory systems (tongue, lips, teeth, soft
    palate, etc.)
  • Resonatory System
  • Nasal cavity, soft palate and portions of the
    respiratory and digestive systems
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