Big Bang 13.7-13.8 billion years ago Life arose 3.5 billion years ago Anaerobic versus aerobic bacteria, fermentation, respiration Photosynthetic prokaryotes, origin of oxygen atmosphere Endosymbiosis: origin of eukaryotes, plants, fungi, and

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Big Bang 13.7-13.8 billion years ago Life
arose 3.5 billion years ago Anaerobic versus
aerobic bacteria, fermentation,
respiration Photosynthetic prokaryotes, origin
of oxygen atmosphere Endosymbiosis origin of
eukaryotes, plants, fungi, and animals Reticulat
e Evolution Mitochondria, Chloroplasts Phylogen
etic Systematics cladistics, clades Importance
of shared derived characteristics
(synapomorphies) Monophyletic groups
(Polyphyletic, Paraphyletic) Sister groups,
outgroups Rooting phylogenetic
trees Infer/identify ancestral states
polarize character state changes Hierarchical
classification, Latin binomial nomenclature
Pongid (Hominid) phylogeny, blood group
types
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Brocas Area
Music Emotions
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Eremia- scincus
Mabuya
Egernia
Ctenotus
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Prosimian
Pongid Phyogeny
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Prosimian
Pongid Phyogeny
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Organisms are classified hierarchically5
Kingdoms plants, animals, fungi, protists,
bacteria

• Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Insecta
• Order Diptera
• Family Drosophilidae
• Genus Drosophila
• Species melanogaster

• Chordata
• Mammalia
• Primates
• Hominidae (Pongidae)
• Homo
• sapiens

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Organisms are classified hierarchically5
Kingdoms plants, animals, fungi, protists,
bacteria

• Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Insecta
• Order Diptera
• Family Drosophilidae
• Genus Drosophila
• Species melanogaster

• Chordata
• Mammalia
• Primates
• Hominidae (Pongidae)
• Homo
• sapiens

(the sap)
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Population Genetics Human Migration
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Population Genetics p q r 1, p2 (q2
pq) (r2 pr) qr
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Humans could have been stewards of Earth and all
its many denizens, microbes, plants, fungi, and
animals. We have the ability to have been
God-like. Instead, for a short-sighted and
selfish transient population boom, we became the
Scourge of the planet. We wiped out and usurped
vast tracts of natural habitat. We ate any other
species that was edible and depleted all Earths
multitude of natural resources. In a single
century, humans burned fossil fuels that took
millions of years to form. Humans fouled the
atmosphere, despoiled the land, and poisoned the
waters, making the planet uninhabitable even to
ourselves.
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We trashed the life support systems of this, our
one and only Spaceship, planet Earth. The
disparity between what humans could have been
versus the pitiful creatures we actually managed
to become is tragic and unforgivable. If only
more people would live up to their full
potential!
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Excerpts from Homer Smith (1952) Man and His Gods and Lord Earl of Balfour (1895) Foundations of Belief
Man did not have forever to harness the forces of the sun and stars. The Sun was an elderly light, long past the turbulent heat of youth, and would some day join the senile class of once-luminiferous bodies. In some incredibly remote time a chance collision might blow it up again into incandescent gas and start a new local cosmic cycle, but of man there would be no trace. In Balfours's terms, he will go down into the pit, and all his thoughts will perish. The uneasy consciousness, which in this obscure corner has for a brief space broken the contented silence of the universe, will be at rest. Matter will know itself no longer. Imperishable monuments and immortal deeds, death itself, and love stronger than death, will be as though they had never been. Nor will anything that IS be better or be worse for all that labour, genius, devotion and suffering of man have striven through countless generations to effect. (Italics added)
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Greenhouse Effect
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Global warming
2013 396 ppm

• CO2 pollution of the air
• Burning oil, deforestation
• Greenhouse gases cause warming
• Water vapor, H2O
• Carbon dioxide, CO2
• Nitrous Oxide, N2O   NNO
• Methane, CH4 25 molecules CO2
• Trifluoromethyl Sulfur Pentaflouride, SF5CF3
• 18,000 molecules CO2 (half life 1,000
  years)
• AVERAGE global temperatures are increasing.

• Ocean temperatures and acidity
• Sea levels rising
• Glaciers and ice caps melting

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James Hansen
Science, 1431 (2005) 308 James Hansen, et al.
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1884 Watch TempFast.mov 128 years go by in
one minute!
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1916 Watch TempFast.mov 128 years go by in
one minute!
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1948 Watch TempFast.mov 128 years go by in
one minute!
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1980 Watch TempFast.mov 128 years go by in
one minute!
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2012 Watch TempFast.mov 128 years go by in
one minute!
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1.74 times the area of Texas
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Warming stresses ecosystems

• Coral reefs, tundra, Arctic

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3.5 kilometers per year.
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2030
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The Big Apple finally goes under
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