Unit 6: Weather

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Weather Climate
Intro to Weather Clip
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Weather by Brainpop
1) What cycle is the basis of our weather? 2)
What causes precipitation to occur? 3) Where do
storms usually occur?
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Weather

• Temporary behavior of atmosphere (whats going on
  at any certain time)
• Small geographic area
• Can change rapidly

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Weather

• --The study of weather is meteorology
• --Someone who studies weather is called a
  meteorologist

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Climate Types by Brainpop

• .What is climate?
• .Where are tropical climates most likely to be?
• .What does arid mean?

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Climate

• Long-term behavior of atmosphere (100 years)
• Large geographic area
• Very slow to change

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POLAR
90o -60o latitude Cool summers, cold year-round Dry
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TEMPERATE
60o-30o latitude True Seasons Variety of climate patterns Moderate precipitation (rain/snow)
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TROPICAL
30o - equator No winter, warm year-round High temp, rainfall, humidity
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What Factors Affect Weather Climate?

1. The Sun
2. The Water Cycle
3. The Atmosphere
4. The Ocean

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How Does the Sun Affect Weather?

• It warms the atmosphere oceans
• It creates climate zones
• It keeps the water cycle going
• It affects weather patterns

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REVIEW

• Define weather
• Temporary behavior of the atmosphere, small area,
  and rapid change
• Define climate
• Long term behavior of atmosphere, large area, and
  slow change
• What four factors affect the weather
• Sun, atmosphere, water cycle, and oceans

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How Does the SunAffect Weather?

• Radiation energy transferred as waves

The Sun and Weather
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BrainPOP
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How Does the Sun Affect Weather?

• Conduction energy transferred when molecules
  bump together

The heat makes the copper atoms vibrate faster.
These atoms in turn make the atoms near them
vibrate faster. In this way the heat energy is
gradually transferred along the rod from the hot
end towards the cooler end.
Good conductors of heat Copper, gold,
Aluminium Insulators (poor conductors) Wood,
plastic, glass, china, cork  A saucepan is made
of aluminium or copper which is a good conductor
of heat. The handle is made of plastic or wood
which is a poor conductor
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How Does the Sun Affect Weather?

• Convection transfer of heat by FLOW of material
  happens after the other two

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The Sun and Weather
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The Sun and Weather
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The Sun and Weather
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The Sun and Weather
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REFOCUS

• Three types of heating
• Radiation
• Convection
• conduction

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REVIEW

• Define weather
• Three types of climates
• Three types of energy transference

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The Water Cycle by Brainpop

1. What process must happen for clouds to form?
2. What is collection?
3. Name one way to conserve water.

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The Water Cycle

• All the water on the planet is recycled in this
  manner!

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Parts of the Cycle

• EvaporationWater going from a liquid to a gas
  (gains energy from the sun)

Evaporation
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Parts of the Cycle

• Transpirationevaporation of water from/out of
  plants. Locate this on the diagram!

transpiration
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Parts of the Cycle

• CondensationWater going from a gas to a liquid
  (cools or loses energy)
• When this happens in the atmosphere, CLOUDS form.

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Parts of the Cycle

• Precipitationwhen water falls out the
  atmosphere. Forms when the water droplets in
  clouds become too heavy to stay up.

Rain Clip
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How Hail is Formed
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Parts of the Cycle

• Collection- Water collects into streams, rivers,
  ponds, lakes, and oceans.

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The Water Cycle
Water Cycle by Brainpop
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• Earths Atmsophere by Brainpop
• . What is ozone?
• . What layer of the atmosphere does weather occur
  in?
• . What 2 gases compose the most of Earths
  Atmosphere?

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How does the atmosphere affect weather?
How does the atmosphere affect weather?

• The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that
  surrounds the Earth
• Has five different layers each has different
  properties
• Well label them in just a minute
• Air Temperature and Pressure change with altitude
• Weather occurs in the layer closest to Earth
  (troposphere)

• The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that
  surrounds the Earth
• Has five different layers each has different
  properties
• Well label them in just a minute
• Air Temperature and Pressure change with altitude
• Weather occurs in the layer closest to Earth
  (troposphere)

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Write in the labels!
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Ionosphere
Mesosphere
Ozone layer
Stratosphere
Troposphere
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Fronts

• places where air masses meet
• 4 Types Warm, Cold, Occluded, Stationary
• Each kind can bring different kinds of weather

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Air Masses

• body of air with a certain temperature and
  moisture level
• Can be warm or cold
• Can contain a lot of moisture or not a lot of
  moisture

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Long Rains
Short Heavy Rains
Occluded Front
Stationary Front
Drying of Air Mass
Gentile Winds Light Rains
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• http//ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/crclm/act
  /gifs/fpr2.gif
• http//www.mesoscale.iastate.edu/agron206/animatio
  ns/05_cnWfronts.html

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REVIEW
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Humidity by Brainpop

• . What single factor controls humidity?
• . What temperature air can hold the most water
  molecules?
• . What causes water to evaporate into the
  atmosphere?

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Relative Humidity

• Measure of the amount of moisture in the air
  compared to what the air could hold
• How full of water the air is
• Expressed as
• 100 relative humidity saturated air

Relative Humidity Test Applet http//itg1.meteor.w
isc.edu/wxwise/relhum/rhac.html
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Relative Humidity

• Controlled by temperature
• 1. Warm air holds more moisture than cool air
  (more space for water vapor between air
  molecules)
• 2. As air warms, relative humidity decreases
• 3. As air cools, relative humidity increases

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Dew Point

• Temperature at which the air is saturated (100
  relative humidity)
• Several events can occur when the dew point temp.
  is reached
• 1. If dew point temp. is above freezing
• a. water vapor condenses
• as liquid
• b. dew will form on surfaces
• c. cloud droplets will form in air

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Dew Point
Humidity Clip

• 2. If dew point temp. is below freezing
• a. water vapor condenses as a solid
• b. frost on surfaces
• c. snow (or hail) in the air

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Rainbows

• Caused by sunshine on raindrops
• White light (all colors) is refracted (bent) into
  colors as it enters and exits the drop
• To see a rainbow you must have the sun behind you
  and raindrops in the air
• Diagram

BrainPOP
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Rainbow by Brainpop
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How does Air Pressure affect weather?

• How much the earths atmosphere is pressing down
  on us
• Measured with a BAROMETER
• If it CHANGES, then new weather
• is on the way
• Falling Air Pressure stormy weather coming
• Rising Air Pressure fair weather coming
• Steady Air Pressure no change is coming

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Animations

• http//www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/
  content/visualizations/es1902/es1902page01.cfm?cha
  pter_novisualization

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How does the Ocean affect weather?

• Ocean currents affect the temperature of the land
  they pass by
• Cold ocean currents cooling effect
• Warm ocean currents warming effect
• Temperature changes affect pressure which then
  creates WINDS
• Winds blow this cooling or warming effect over
  the land
• http//earth.rice.edu/MTPE/hydro/hydrosphere/topic
  s/Ocean_Atm_Circ_ElNino.mov

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http//www.wunderground.com/MAR/
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Ocean Circulation

• http//www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/
  content/visualizations/es2401/es2401page01.cfm?cha
  pter_novisualization

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Winds created from differences in air pressure

• Moves from areas of HIGH to LOW pressure
• Greater the difference in pressure, the FASTER
  the wind blows
• Measured with wind vanes and anemometers or you
  can estimate with the Beaufort Wind Scale

BrainPOP
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Land Sea Breezes

• http//www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/
  content/visualizations/es1903/es1903page01.cfm?cha
  pter_novisualization

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Global Winds

• Thousands of kilometers long can cause weather
  to move in different directions
• Jet stream, prevailing westerlies, doldrums,
  horse latitudes, trade winds

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Global Winds

• Caused by the temperature difference in different
  regions
• Hot Tropical Regionscauses air to rise
• Cold polar Regionscauses air to sink
• http//www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw3/eBridge/Chp
  29/animations/ch29/global_wind_circulation.swf

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Global Winds

• Also affected by Earths Spin
• Coriolis Effect causes winds to curve to the
  right in the N. Hemisphere to the left in the S.
  Hemisphere
• http//www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc
  /content/visualizations/es1904/es1904page01.cfm?ch
  apter_novisualization

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Color in the chart
NORTH EASTERLIES
PREVAILING WESTERLIES
HORSE LATITUDES
NE TRADE WINDS
DOLDRUMS
SE TRADE WINDS
HORSE LATITUDES
PREVAILING WESTERLIES
SOUTH EASTERLIES
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Where is the Jet Stream?
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A Note About the Names

• Doldrums
• Sailors noticed the stillness of the rising (and
  not blowing) air near the equator and gave the
  region the depressing name "doldrums." The
  doldrums, usually located between 5 north and 5
  south of the equator, are also known as the
  Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ for short.
  The trade winds converge in the region of the
  ITCZ, producing convectional storms that produce
  some of the world's heaviest precipitation
  regions.

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A Note About the Names

• Horse Latitudes
• Between about 30 to 35 north and 30 to 35
  south of the equator lies the region known as the
  horse latitudes or the subtropical high. This
  region of subsiding dry air and high pressure
  results in weak winds. Tradition states that
  sailors gave the region of the subtropical high
  the name "horse latitudes" because ships relying
  on wind power stalled fearful of running out of
  food and water, sailors threw their horses and
  cattle overboard to save on provisions. (It's a
  puzzle why sailors would not have eaten the
  animals instead of throwing them overboard.) The
  Oxford English Dictionary claims the origin of
  the term "uncertain."
• Major deserts of the world, such as the Sahara
  and the Great Australian Desert, lie under the
  high pressure of the horse latitudes.
• The region is also known as the Calms of Cancer
  in the northern hemisphere and the Calms of
  Capricorn in the southern hemisphere.

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A Note About the Names

• Trade Winds
• Blowing from the subtropical highs or horse
  latitudes toward the low pressure of the ITCZ are
  the trade winds. Named from their ability to
  quickly propel trading ships across the ocean,
  the trade winds between about 30 latitude and
  the equator are steady and blow about 11 to 13
  miles per hour. In the Northern Hemisphere, the
  trade winds blow from the northeast and are known
  as the Northeast Trade Winds in the Southern
  Hemisphere, the winds blow from the southeast and
  are called the Southeast Trade Winds.

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Winds by Brainpop

• . What does warm air do?
• . What do you call winds that blow all the time
  in the same part of the world?
• . What are jet streams?

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Types of Storms
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Thunderstorms

• Requires a mature cumulonimbus cloud
• Signs
• Sudden reversal of wind direction
• Noticeable increase in wind speed
• Sudden drop in temperature

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Thunderstorms

• Possible weather
• a. heavy rains (flash floods)
• b. lightning (forest fires)
• c. thunder (frightens animals)
• d. hail (crop damage)
• e. tornadoes
• f. strong, gusty winds

Thunderstorm by Brainpop
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Safety Rules

• Stay indoors
• Prepare for lightning, strong winds
• Listen on radio/TV for tornado watch/warning
• Thunderstorms dont last long

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Lightning Storm

• Cumulonimbus cloud becomes electrically charged
  and ground below has opposite charge

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• Lightning stroke flow of current thru air (a
  poor conductor) from the to the
• Lightning can flow from cloud to ground, cloud to
  cloud, and from ground to cloud
• Bright light is caused by glowing air molecules
  heated by the current
• Lightning follows the path of least resistance
  (easiest way to positive)
• Lightning rod offers lightning an easy, safe path
  to the ground ()

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• Thunder is the shock wave caused by the explosive
  expansion of heated air
• Sound travels _at_ about 1100 ft/sec in air
• 5,280 ft in one mile
• Distance from you to lightning number of
  seconds between seeing the flash and hearing the
  thunder divided by 5.
• (5,280 ft / 1100 ft/sec 5 seconds)

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Types of Lightningyou dont need to write this
down

• Streak or bolt
• Single or branched lines of light
• Common in Puget Sound area

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• Sheet
• a. shapeless flash over wide area
• b. is cloud-to-cloud bolt hidden by the clouds
• c. common in Puget Sound area

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• Other types of lightning
• a. heat, ribbon, beaded (types of bolt)
• b. ball (only other shape lightning can have)

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Safety rules for lightning storms

• Stay indoors
• Stay away from anything that conducts electricity
  (stove, sink, telephone, TV)
• Get out of the water and off of small boats
• Stay away from open doors, windows, fireplaces
• Stay in your car (very safe place to be)
• Dont stand under lone trees or in open places
• Avoid hilltops
• If your hair stands on end, or your skin tingles,
  drop to the ground but try to keep as little
  contact with the ground as possible

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Tornado

• Counterclockwise column of rotating air extending
  from cumulonimbus cloud
• Per square foot, is the most destructive
  atmospheric event
• Rated by wind speed (F1 to F5)
• Tornado season April, May, June
• Tornadoes that form over water are called
  waterspouts

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• Behavior of a tornado is unpredictable
• Typical tornado will
• 1. Occur between 3-7 pm
• 2. Travel 4 miles
• 3. Be 300-400 m wide
• 4. Travel 25-40 mi/hour
• 5. Have wind speeds up to 300 mi/hr
• 6. Produce extremely low pressure
• 7. Be dark due to debris picked up

Tornado by Brainpop
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Safety Rules

1. Rule 1 Take immediate action!
2. Move away from tornados path

Tornados path
Move away at a right angle
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• 3. Lie flat in nearest ditch, etc.
• 4. At home
• a. open windows, doors
• b. seek shelter in basement or under heavy table
  in middle of house

On the trail of a tornado
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Tropical Cyclone

• Nicknames
• 1. Atlantic hurricane
• 2. SE Asia, Japan typhoon
• 3. Australia willy-willy
• 4. Indian Ocean cyclone

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Tropical Cyclone

• Rated by wind speed (category 1 to 5)
• Starts and grows over warm ocean water
• Composed of bands of thunderstorms spiraling
  counterclockwise around a low pressure center

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Characteristics

• Several hundred miles wide
• Last many days (even weeks)
• Winds from 74-200 mi/hr
• Contains an eye
• Small region of low pressure
• Surrounded by highest winds
• Calm, peaceful, sunny weather
• Last for about 1 hour as hurricane passes by

Hurricanes by Brainpop
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Safety Rules

• Prepare for high winds
• Prepare for flooding
• (greatest source of damage)
• Up to 20 in. of rain
• Flooding by coastal water
• 3. Prepare for thunderstorms
• 4. Have on hand stored food, water, blankets,
  candles, matches, radio, etc.
• 5. Seek shelter

Hurricanes Clip
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WHAT IS CLIMATE?

• The behavior of the atmosphere over a long period
  of time.
• Large geographical area.
• Slow to change.

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Climatic Change

• Seasons
• El Nino and La Nina

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Climatic Change

• What Causes Climate Change

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Climatic Change

• Global Warming

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Climatic Change

• Carbon Cycle

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Land Biomes by BrainpPOP

• .What is a Biome?
• .What Biomes are at the equator?
• .How can biomes change?

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Biomes

• Aquatic Two basic regions
• Marine and Freshwater
• Desert Four basic types
• Hot and Dry, Semiarid, Coastal, and Cold
• Forest Three major types of forests, classed
  according to latitude
• Tropical, Temperate, and Boreal forests (taiga)
• Grassland Two main divisions of grasslands
• Tropical grasslands, called savannas, and
  temperate grasslands.
• Tundra Two types
• Arctic tundra and Alpine tundra

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Aquatic

• Water is the common link among the five biomes.
• Makes up the largest part of the biosphere.
• Covers nearly 75 of the Earths surface.

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Desert

• Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earths
  surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50
  cm/year
• There are few large mammals in deserts because
  most are not capable of storing sufficient water.

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Forest

• Today, forests occupy approximately one-third of
  Earths land area,
• Tropical forests Greatest diversity of species
• Temperate Forests Well-defined seasons.
• Boreal forests, or taiga Largest terrestrial
  biome.
• Occurring between 50 and 60 degrees north
  latitudes

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Grassland

• Grasslands are characterized as lands dominated
  by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees.
• Savanna is grassland with scattered individual
  trees.
• Temperate grasslands are characterized as having
  grasses as the dominant vegetation. Trees and
  large shrubs are absent.

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Tundra

• Extremely cold climate
• Low biotic diversity
• Simple vegetation structure
• Short season of growth

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ADAPTATION

• Organisms adapt to there environment
• Adaptations can be structural or behavioral
• Some structural adaptations are HAIR, and PINE
  NEEDLES
• Some behavioral adaptations are HIBERNATION,
  ESTIVATION, and SWEATING

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Hibernation

• European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
• metabolic depression in animals, characterized by
  lower body temperature, slower breathing, and
  lower metabolic rate.
• Hibernating animals conserve food, especially
  during winter when food is short, tapping energy
  reserves, body fat, at a slow rate.

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ESTIVATION

• Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)
• Sleeps 7 months out of the year
• the lemur does not control its body temperature
  while hibernating.
• Like other fat-tailed lemurs, is able to store
  fat in its tail, and this provides a source of
  energy during its period of dormancy.

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