THE CELL

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THE CELL ITS ORGANELLES
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So what is a Cell?

• A place where chemical reactions occur

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• What are some things that a cell would need for
  chemical reactions to occur?

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• A Container
• Reactants and an Entrance
• A Solvent
• Enzymes
• Energy
• A Controlling Region

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The Container
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The Reactants and Entrance

• Membrane Lipids
• small uncharged molecules and water can pass
  through the lipid membrane
• Membrane Transport Protein
• small charged ions and large molecule must pass
  through transport proteins

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The Solvent

• Water is the solvent in cells. Its polar nature
  helps it dissolve reactants.

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Enzymes

• Enzymes catalyze or speed up chemical reactions,
  and are usually large proteins.
• They bond with one or a few substances or
  substrates (specificity) through their active
  site.
• They lower the activation energy by bond
  reactants in a way that make the reaction likely.
• Changes in temperature and pH can alter the shape
  of protein enzymes inhibiting their ability to
  function (denature).

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Energy

• Most biological reactions require energy.
• Sugar and lipids are indirect energy molecules.
• Cells usually use ATP as their direct energy
  source.

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The Controlling Region

• DNA is the molecule that controls cellular
  reactions.
• DNA is found contained in the nucleus of
  eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of
  prokaryotic cells.

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Chloroplasts

• In chloroplasts of plants, energy from sunlight
  is used convert carbon dioxide into glucose
  through the process of photosynthesis.CO2 H2O
  ? O2 C6H12O6

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Mitochondria

• In the mitochondria of plants and animals, the
  energy in glucose is converted into ATP in the
  mitochondria through the process of cellular
  respiration. C6H12O6 O2 ? H2O CO2 ATP

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• Where do transport proteins
• come from?
• And how do they
• get to the membrane?

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The Cytomembrane System

• The Cytomembrane System includes the Endoplasmic
  Reticulum, Ribosome, Golgi Bodies, and Vesicles
• Function
• The system functions to produce and distribute
  proteins within or outside the cell

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Other Organelles

• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Cytoskeleton

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