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Life%20in%20the%20Sea

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Title: Life%20in%20the%20Sea


1
Life in the Sea
2
Carbohydrate
  • Elements C, H, O
  • Function nutrients for cell/ energy
  • ex sugar (simple) starch (complex)

3
Carbohydrate
1
2
  • Monomer monosaccharide (single units of sugar
    C6H12O6)
  • Carbo hydrate
  • Carbon water (H2O)
  • 21 Hydrogen Oxygen
  • -ose (sugar)
  • Glucose, fructose, galactose, amylose

1
3
2
5
12
4
7
5
9
6
11
3
6
8
4
10
4
Carbohydrate
  • Disaccharide two monomers put together
  • ex maltose, lactose, sucrose

5
Carbohydrate
  • Polysaccharides
  • many
  • Thousands of monomers linked together
  • ex starch (potato, pasta, rice, etc.)

6
Carbohydrate Polysaccharides
  • Cellulose
  • plant cell walls
  • Indigestible
  • Chitin
  • exoskeletons (shells)
  • Also found in fungi cell walls

7
Lipids
  • Elements C, H, O
  • Function Energy storage
  • ex fat, wax, steroids, cell membranes

8
Lipids
  • No monomers (no repeating of single units)
  • hydrophobic
  • Functional group carboxyl group

9
Lipids Fats
  • One glycerol
  • Fatty acids (carboxyl group hydrocarbon chain)
  • Soap made from fatty acids

10
Lipids Saturated
  • Carbon chain with only single covalent bond
  • excludes double bond in carboxyl group
  • Hard at room temperature

11
Lipids Unsaturated
  • Carbon chains with one (unsaturated) or more
    (polyunsaturated) double bonds
  • excludes double bond in carboxyl group
  • Kink
  • Soft at room temperature

12
Lipids Phospholipids
  • Polar, hydrophilic head
  • Non-polar hydrophobic tails
  • Found in cell membranes

13
Protein Characteristics/Functions
  • Antibodies for defense
  • Enzymes for catalyzing reactions
  • Made of 20 different amino acids
  • movement

14
Proteins
  • Monomer amino acids
  • Functional group
  • Carboxyl group
  • Amino group
  • Central carbon
  • R group (variable)
  • Determines unique physical and chemical
    characteristics

15
Protein Structure
  • Effected by temperature and pH
  • Shape determines its function
  • Folds in proteins aided by chaperone proteins

16
Nucleic Acids
  • Elements
  • C, H, O, N, P
  • Function genetic material/energy molecule
  • ex DNA, RNA, ATP

17
Monomer Nucleotide
  • Phosphate group
  • Sugar
  • ex Deoxyribose
  • Nitrogen Base
  • examples
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine

18
  • The Need for Classification
  • Three reasons for classifying organisms
  • 1. It helps identify the relationships between
  • organisms.
  • 2. It requires scientists to clearly identify
    key characteristics of each organism.
  • 3. It avoids confusion. Common names differwith
    cultures. Scientists
  • in the US and Japan can
  • identify exactly what
  • they are both talking
  • about by using the
  • species Latin name.
  • Latin is a dead language

19
Classification Taxa
  • An organisms scientific name represents two
    taxa. They are
  • 1. Species is the most specific of the taxa.
    Species is usually considered to be a group of
    organisms that can reproduce together.
  • 2. Genus is the taxon above species. Genus
    grouped species are considered to be closely
    related, i.e., there are 34 species of reef shark
    belonging to genus Carcharhinus.
  • Species are identified by referring to both the
    genus and the species, with the genus capitalized
    and the species name in lower case.

20
  • There are seven main taxa into which organisms
    are classified from the general to specific
  • Kingdoms are groups of phyla (plural of phylum).
  • Phylum (or division) is a group of classes.
  • Classes are groups of related orders.
  • Orders are groups of related families.
  • Families are groups of genera that share
    characteristics.
  • Genus (plural genera) groups species that are
    closely related.
  • Species is the Latin name for an individual
    organism.

21
Determining Taxa
  • How organisms are classified
  • Originally by using anatomical features.
  • The prevailing view now is that taxonomy
    generally reflects theoreticalevolutionary
    relationships.
  • Classifying by anatomical features remains an
    important classification method.However, the
    study of genetics has become more important.

22
  • A common problem taxonomists have inclassifying
    organisms is that some organisms
  • dont fit neatly into defined classifications.
  • An organism can have characteristics that fit in
  • one and others that separate it from that same
  • classification.
  • The answer is to insert intermediate
  • classification levels.
  • By assigning superlevels to create new
  • higher divisions within a classification.
  • By assigning sublevels to create lower
  • divisions within a classification.

23
Six - Kingdom System and Three - Domain System
  • Until recently taxonomists recognized five
    kingdoms kingdom Monera, kingdom Protista,
    kingdom Fungi, kingdom Plantae, and kingdom
    Animalia.
  • The six-kingdom system divides kingdom Monera
    into two new kingdoms kingdom Eubacteria and
    kingdom Archaebacteria.

24
  • The three-domain system method is based on
    genetic and biochemical research.
  • Domain Archaea is composed of organisms
    scientists think evolved first.
  • In this system domain Eukarya includes the
    Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia kingdoms.

25
Old and Simple
  • Prokaryotes are among the most important of the
    primary producers in the ocean.
  • They dont have the same complex internal
    membrane structure.
  • They lack chromosomes or a nucleus. Instead they
    have a ring of DNA or RNA.
  • They dont have mitochondria andlack
    chloroplasts.
  • They are structurally simple molecules are
    surrounded by a membrane and cell wall.
  • They are believed to be the oldest types of
    organisms archaea originated 3.5 billion
    years ago.
  • Scientists think that the process
    ofphotosynthesis began with cyanophytesof
    domain Bacteria, an early prokaryote.

26
Archaea and Bacteria
  • Domain Archaea and domain Bacteria are best known
    for being extremophiles living in environments
    that are inhospitable to most life.
  • Bacteria can do things no other known organisms
    can do
  • Certain species can create organic nitrogen
    compounds by fixing inorganic nitrogen from the
    air an essential element of life.
  • The most important bacteria are in the phylum
    Cyanophyta. Scientists think that these bacteria
    are crucial to life because
  • Photosynthesis evolved in the cyanophytes.
  • Cyanophytes were the primary organisms that
    created the oxygen in the atmosphere.
  • Cyanophytes are among the bacteria responsible
    for nitrogen fixation.
  • Also, some scientists think we presently
    underestimate the role cyanophytes play in
    primary productivity. Their pigments can
    contribute to the color of other organisms.

27
A Broadly Applied Name
  • Algae is defined by taxonomists as those
    organisms that belong in one of seven specific
    phyla or divisions in kingdom Protista.
  • 1. Chlorophyta
  • 2. Rhodophyta
  • 3. Phaeophyta
  • 4. Dinophyta
  • 5. Bacillariophyta
  • 6. Euglenophyta
  • 7. Chrysophyta

28
Phylum Bacillariophyta The Diatoms
  • Phylum Bacillariophyta is made up of diatoms, the
    most productive phytoplankton.
  • These primary producers are a widely diverse
    group.
  • Between 5,000 to 50,000 species may make up this
    phylum.
  • Diatoms are larger than prokaryotes from 20 to
    80 microns across.
  • They have two-part silicon shells in an amazing
    array of shapes.
  • They are photosynthesizers that are relatively
    dormant during the winter months.
  • Diatoms reproduce quickly when sunlight levels
    rise and are thought to account for 25 of all
    the photosynthetic biomass on Earth.

29
Phylum Dinophyta The Dinoflagellates
  • Dinoflagellates make up phylum Dinophyta (also
    called phylum Pyrrophyta or phylum
    Dinoflagellata).
  • In size they are 30 to 150 microns across and
    are the second most productive group of primary
    producers.
  • Symbiodinium are particularly important
    autotrophic dinoflagellates.
  • They live within the zooxanthellate coral
    polyps.
  • They provide their host with food via
    photosynthesis.
  • In return Symbiodinium get nitrogenouswastes
    from the coral.
  • These are the only coral that build massive coral
    reefs.
  • Without Symbiodinium, coral could not exist as we
    know it.
  • Without coral and coral reefs there would not be
    the unique organisms that make up the worlds
    most productive and beautiful ecosystems.

30
Phylum Chlorophyta Green Algae
  • Phylum Chlorophyta is made up of the macro algae
    a term that applies to several algae phyla,
    but refers to multicellular species like
    seaweed.
  • They share the same green color as land plants.
    Both green algae and land plants have
  • Chlorophyll a a pigment directly involvedwith
    photosynthesis.
  • Chlorophyll b assists chlorophyll a in
    capturing lightfor use in photosynthesis.
  • Chlorophyll a and b absorb different colors of
    light, thus using light more efficiently.
  • Scientists think the presence of chlorophyll a
    and b has evolutionary significance. It may
    indicate that land plants evolved from green
    algae.
  • Green algae and land plants also have other
    pigments in common and have cell walls made of
    cellulose.

31
Phylum Rhodophyta Red Algae
  • Red algae is red because they have pigments
    called phycoerythrins which give it their color.
  • This pigment has not been found in any other
    eukaryote, though it does exist in cyanophytes.
  • Phycoerythrins allow some red algae to live
    deeper than any other algae some as deep as
    200 meters (656 feet).
  • Red algae also has chlorophyll a, but not b.
  • Red algae is important to coral reefsbecause it
    is the cement that holdsthe coral reefs
    together.
  • Red algae species that live on coral
    reefssecrete a calcium carbonate shell.
  • Their secretions bond coral colonies and
    debristogether which in turn holds the reef
    together.

32
Phylum Phaeophyta Brown Algae
  • Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae), is more
    structurally complex. Manybrown algae species
    have
  • Holdfasts anchor the algae to the bottom.
  • Leathery stipes provide support like plant
    stems, but with no vascular system.
  • Blades equivalent of leaves.
  • Pneumatocysts gas filled float structures that
    lift the algae off the bottom and keep the
    blades close to the surface and sun.
  • Kelp is the largest of the brown algae.
  • Kelp is important because it is the foundation
    formany temperate coastal ecosystems.

33
Bioluminescence
  • light that is biologically produced and is caused
    when a light-emitting molecule, called luciferin,
    is mixed with an enzyme, luciferase, in the
    presence ofoxygen.
  • Bioluminescence is actually quite common and
    almost all taxonomic groups of animals, and many
    plants, have some members that bioluminesce.
  • Planktonic dinoflagellates and bacteria are some
    of the most abundant creators of this biological
    light

34
  • Reasons for bioluminescence vary depending on the
    organism
  • escaping predators
  • obtaining prey
  • Attraction
  • advertising

35
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