European Chaos, Byzantine Security, Muslim Expansionism and the Viking Invasions.

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European Chaos, Byzantine Security, Muslim
Expansionism and the Viking Invasions.
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Movement of Barbarians through Europe 4th-5th
Century
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Germanization of Europe
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Council of Constantinople-381

• Initiated a system of hierarchy
• Bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria,
  Antioch and Jerusalem
• All important areas to Church tradition.
• Bishop of Rome would be the overseer of all
  BishopsPope (father or papa, Greek)
• Why Rome?

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Churchs Influence on the Franks

• Clovis and the Merovingian line of kings
• Charles Martel, Mayor who defeats the Moors at
  Tours, 732 and the Carolingian line of kings
• Pepin, son of Charles Martel makes a deal with
  the Pope of Rome to become king
• ?Anointed king by the pope
• ?Removes the Lombards from Italy
• Donation of Pepin Later these areas became
  known as the Papal States
• Charlemagne

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Church in Politics

• The Pope and Bishops were expected to keep
  leaders updated on rules and regulations that
  should be administered, which would uplift the
  church.
• The relationship between the church and the
  regions leaders was symbiotica mutually
  beneficial relationship. The church had say in
  politics, leadership and were able to advertise
  to the people through the regional governments,
  and the leaders and kings garnered support from
  the church, which influenced the personal and
  spiritual lives of the people.

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Following the Death of Charlemagne

• Louis (the Pious) Charlemagnes only living son
  inherits the throne, but is weak.
• Quarreling among his sons will lead to war upon
  their fathers death.
• Eventually, Charlemagnes empire is divided
  following the Treaty of Verdun
• Lothar ?Lorraine, Burgundy, and Italy
• Louis II the German ?Germany
• Charles the Bald ? France

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Division of Charlemagnes Empire
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England

• Germanization of England Angles and
  Saxons?Eventually, they will create a system of 7
  kingdoms (English)
• Vikings settle the East ? conquer all of England
• English regain control, but at the death of
  Edward II in 1066, Kings of Norway and Normandy
  invade
• 1066 William the Conqueror takes England
• French becomes the official language in England
  until the 100 Years War

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Byzantium

• The Eastern Roman Empire becomes its own entity

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Justinian and Theodora

• Reinforced the supremacy of an Imperial throne
• Conquered Vandals in N. Africa (Tricameron) and
  Sicily-- Rome is reclaimed, then lost again to
  the Lombards
• Barbarians take over in the West--Eastern Roman
  empire will no longer attempt to reclaim lands of
  the old Roman Empire.
• last Latin Emperor--successors were Greeks,
  influenced by Greek language and customs

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Justinian and expansions during his reign Does
the defeat of the Vandals create a power vacuum
in North Africa?
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Byzantine Empire 814
By the ninth century, the Empire had lost all of
its territories but Asia Minor, Greece, the boot
of Italy, and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily.
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Spread of Islam
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Land acquired prior to Muhammads death
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After the death of Muhammad

• First Caliph Abu Bakr- Father in law of Muhammad
  (632-634)
• Second Caliph Umar(634-644)
• Third Caliph Uthman and dissension
• Great Expansion took place under the second and
  third Caliphs
• Byzantium had lost many strongholds and the
  Sassanian Empire was destroyed.

Enjoyed widespread support and unity
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The First and Second Civil Wars

• Question of legitimacy
• Can one rule the entirety of the Muslim world?
• Answer No!!
• Result of the First and Second Civil Wars
• Umayyad Caliphate (Capitol Damascus), then
  Abbasid Caliphate (Capitol Baghdad)

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Baghdad

• Center of Learning
• Great libraries until the Mongols
• Great thinkers from throughout the known world
  invitedalong with new concepts/theories etc.
• Preservation of Classical Greek literature
  allowed for the Renaissance

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Dar al Islam

• Definition the home of Islam
• By the end of the 7th century the greatest trade
  centers in the world were located in Dar al Islam

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The disintegration of the Caliphate by the 10th
Century

• Early Islam centered on the caliphate
• However, with no formal hierarchy directing
  conversion, a multitude of local Islamic
  communities emerged
• Disunity!!! (Becomes a mantra in the Mid East)
• Spanish Umayyad Caliphate
• Egyptian Fatimid Caliphate
• Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad)
• Enter the Seljuk Turks (Barbarians Again!)

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The Crusades

• Eleventh to the Fifteenth Century

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Viking Invasions
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The Environment

• Europe
• Feudalism
• Townspeople looked to landholding nobles for
  security
• Of course, these nobles were not going to provide
  protection for free
• Feudal structure develops
• Following the Death of Charlemagne
• Squabbling over land and wealth

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Manzikert

• 1071
• Alp Arslan targets Anatolia (Present day Turkey)
• The Byzantines launch a strike and retake key
  citiesbut a plot (led by the wife of the
  emperor) against the Emperor, Romanus IV
  Diogenes, proves his undoing
• Alp Arslan, then his son (after assassinating
  Dad) devastate the countryside killing or selling
  into slavery hundreds of thousands of Byzantine
  citizens.
• Asia Minor becomes, for centuries afterward, a
  wasteland

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Effects of Manzikert

• Byzantine Military is devastated and will be
  unable to regain its past glory. Why?
• Military was made up of Anatolians (Armenians,
  Uzes and even Turks)
• Poor Leadership, emperors focus on politics and
  rhetoric and avoid military expansion
• Anatolia is open to invasion/destruction
• Beginning of the End of Constantinople
• Alexius Comnenus sends for help

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Clash of Religious Empires

• 10th C. Asia Minor and the Expansion of the
  Seljuk Turks
• Led by Alp Arslan
• Conquered Asia Minor and stopped only 100 miles
  short of Constantinople, est. Nicaea as the
  capitol

Alp Arslan
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Seljuk Turks 1100
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Alexius I

• After two decades of fighting, Alexius is unable
  to regain land lost to the Turks
• Appeals for help, fears that the next target is
  Constantinople
• Sends letter to Robert of Flanders asking for
  soldiers to ward off the Seljuk Turks
• Letter

What kind of help does he seek?
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• O illustrious count and great consoler of the
  faith, I am writing to inform Your Prudence that
  the very saintly empire of the Greek Christians
  is daily being persecuted by the Pechenegs and
  the Turks ... The blood of Christians flows in
  unheard-of scenes of carnage ...Therefore in the
  name of God and because of the true piety of the
  generality of Greek Christians, we implore you to
  bring to this city all the faithful soldiers of
  Christ ...   Bring me aid and bring aid to the
  Greek Christians.By coming, you will find your
  reward in heaven and, if you do not come, God
  will condemn you.

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Crusader States
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Effects of the Crusades

• Enhanced the prestige of the papacy
• Weakening of the Byzantine Empire
• Animosity between east and west
• Weakening of the Islamic World
• Dont look now, but here come the Mongols!
• Dont worry, the Ottomans will strengthen it
  again
• Established missionary movements
• Hastened the discovery of the New World