The

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The Progressive Movement
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EQ

• How did the Progressives try to solve the social
  problems that resulted from industrialization and
  urbanization?
• How did President Roosevelt change business
  during his administration?
• In what ways were Wilson and the Progressives
  similar?

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Progressivism

• A major social movement in the late 19th and
  early 20th centuries
• to reform Americas social and economic problems
• accomplished many of the reforms started under
  Populism

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A Middle Class Movement

• Progressivism was largely a middle class movement
  in response to industrialism and urbanization
• Not unlike socialism, Marxism, utopianism were
  reactions to industrialism in Britain
• Progressives wanted to improve the American
  system

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Progressive Reforms

• Progressives were concerned with the following
  social problems
• political corruption
• Monopolies
• Tariffs
• impure food
• regulating business
• prohibition of alcohol

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Muckrakers
Influencing Public Opinion
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Muckrakers

• Muckrakers were writers in the Progressive Era
  who exposed social and political evils
• wanted to outrage the public against things that
  were wrong in American society
• tried to provide a balance to the powers of the
  government and economic forces in America
• Interested in realism (sensationalism)

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Muckrakers

• Term originally coined by Theodore Roosevelt
• Intended as a criticism
• Directed at journalists who, for no other reason
  than monetary gain, wrote scandal stories (think
  National Enquirer)
• Later became badge of honor

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• Men with the muckrake are often
• indispensable to the well-being of society, but
  only if they know when to
• stop raking the muck.
• President Theodore Roosevelt

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Muckrakers

• Upton Sinclair
• The Jungle described unhealthy conditions in meat
  packing industry
• Ida Tarbell
• The History of the Standard Oil Company,
  criticized John D. Rockefeller the Standard Oil
  monopoly

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Muckrakers

• Jacob Riis
• How the Other Half Lives, exposed the terrible
  living conditions of slum life in New York Citys
  tenements
• Lincoln Steffens
• Shame of the Cities, exposed the corrupt alliance
  between big business and city government

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Upton Sinclair

• The Jungle, 1906
• Described unhealthy
• conditions of the
• meatpacking industry
• Meant to promote socialism

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President Theodore Roosevelt

• Pure Food
• Drug Act, 1906
• Meat Inspection
• Act, 1906

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Regulating Food and Drugs

• President Theodore Roosevelt read The Jungle
• TR immediately demanded legislative action
• 1905 TR asked Congress to regulate food and
  drug production
• wanted to stop impure practices
• the food and drug industry protested TRs
  proposal
• opposed to any government intervention in their
  business (laissez faire)
• WHY?!

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Regulating Food and Drugs

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
• stopped the interstate sale of impure or falsely
  labeled food and drugs
• What the label said was in there had to be in
  there and nothing else
• Meat Inspection Act (1906)
• established sanitary regulations for meat packers
  and provided for federal inspection of meat
  packing plants

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The Jungle

• It was too dark in these storage places to see
  well, but a man could run his hand over these
  piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried
  dung of rats. These rats were nuisances and the
  packers would put poisoned bread out for them,
  they would die, and then rats, bread and meat
  would go into the hoppers together.

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• Mary had a little lamb,
• And when she saw it sicken,
• She shipped it off to Packingtown,
• And now its labeled chicken.
• New York Post Jingle, 1906

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Ida Tarbell

• History of the
• Standard Oil
• Company, 1904
• Described unfair
• business practices
• of Standard Oil
• monopoly

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Jacob Riis

• How the Other
• Half Lives, 1890
• Exposed the terrible
• living conditions of
• slum life in New
• York Citys tenements

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• Long ago it was said that one half of
• the world does not know how the other
• half livesIt did not know because it
• did not care.
• Jacob
  Riis
• How
  the Other Half Lives

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Rich Poor in New York City1890
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Lincoln Steffens

• The Shame of
• the Cities, 1902
• Exposed corrupt
• alliance between big
• business and city
• government

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Frank Norris

• The Octopus,
• 1901
• Criticized railroad
• monopolies and
• corrupt politicians in
• California

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Thorstein Veblen

• The Theory of
• The Leisure
• Class, 1899
• Attacked great wealth
• and Conspicuous
• Consumption

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Regroup

• What is Progressivism?
• What were some of the areas of concern for the
  Progressives?
• Who first coined the term muckraker and how was
  it a badge of honor?
• Who wrote The Jungle?
• Who was Ida Tarbell?
• Who was Jacob Riis?
• What is the FDA?

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President Theodore Roosevelt

• Became President in 1901
• Progressive President
• Roosevelt favored strong use of presidential
  power to bring social change
• TRs progressive program called the Square Deal

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• We must treat each man on his worth
• and merits as a man. We must see that
• each is given a square dealHe is
• entitled to no more and should receive
• no less.
• 
  President Theodore Roosevelt

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• We draw the line against
• misconduct, not against wealth.
• President Theodore Roosevelt

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Reforming Big Business

• Trustbuster
• Theodore Roosevelt (TR) known as trustbuster
• only opposed to bad trusts who formed
  monopolies to end competition not opposed to
  bigness in business

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Reforming Big Business

• Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
• Outlawed every contract, combination or
  conspiracy which hurt free trade and competition
• Going to be used by TR as a weapon against
  bigness to help the little guy

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Northern Securities Company

• A railroad monopoly led by J.P. Morgan, James J.
  Hill, Edward Harriman
• controlled three railroads in the Northwest
• Northern Securities had a complete monopoly over
  all railroad traffic between Chicago and Pacific
  Northwest
• TR ordered U.S. Attorney General to file a suit
  against Northern Securities in 1902
• considered a monopoly under the Sherman
  Antitrust Act

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Square Deal SqueezingThe Trusts
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Northern SecuritiesCompany
J.P. Morgan
Edward Harriman
James J. Hill
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Northern Securities Company

• 1904 Supreme Court ruled against the Northern
  Securities Company
• considered a conspiracy in restraint of trade
• Northern Securities therefore ordered to dissolve

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Theodore Roosevelt and Business Monopolies

• 1903 TR creates the Department of Commerce and
  Labor
• included Bureau of Corporations
• given the power to investigate and publicize
  bad business practices (Bureau of Corporations)
• 1903 Congress passed the Expedition Act
• antitrust cases given priority in federal courts

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The Standard Oil Trust (1911)

• The Supreme Court ruled against Standard Oil
  Trust
• invoked the Sherman Antitrust Act
• the Court made the following ruling against
  Standard Oil
• bigness is not an automatic offense
• but a company cannot abuse its power and size by
  unfairly interfering with trade and competition
• called the rule of reason by the Supreme Court

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Rule of Reason
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Coal Strike1902
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Roosevelt and Labor

• The Coal Strike (1902)
• coal miners went on strike in Pennsylvania with
  the following demands
• recognition of the United Mine Workers (UMW)
• the right of the UMW to negotiate on behalf of
  its members (collective bargaining)
• a nine hour work day
• 20 pay increase

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Roosevelt and Labor

• mine owners refused to negotiate with the UMW
• TR therefore threatened to use federal troops to
  take over the mines in the name of the government
• an arbitration commission appointed by Roosevelt
  to settle the dispute reached the following
  agreement
• workers received 10 pay increase
• nine hour work day
• UMW still not granted the right to negotiate

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Roosevelt and Labor

• 1902 Coal Strike the first time a President
  intervened in a labor dispute without stopping
  the strike

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Regroup

• In what ways was TR a Progressive?
• Was TR really anti-business?
• What weapon did TR use to bust trusts?
• How did the Supreme Court rule in the Northern
  Securities case?
• What did TR create to investigate bad business
  practices?
• What was the rule of reason?

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Progressivism Government Reform
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Reforming City Government

• Commission
• City Manager

Boss Tweed
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Increasing Democracy

• Direct Primary
• Initiative
• Referendum
• Recall

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Increasing Democracy

• A Call for Reform
• political reform began at the local level
• eventually spread to the state and national level
• Progressives worked to make government more
  efficient
• introduced the commission into city government
• commission a form of city government where a
  group of experts manage specific city services
• commission appointed and not elected
• this freed them to make unpopular decisions

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Increasing Democracy

• city manager an expert on running the different
  departments of the city
• city manager appointed by the city council
  (elected officials)
• city manager and the commission were both
  Progressive reforms

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Increasing Democracy

• Progressives supported the following governmental
  reforms
• direct primary
• initiative
• Referendum
• recall

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Increasing Democracy

• direct primary an election wherein the voters
  nominate candidates who will run for government
  office
• until direct primaries, candidates chosen by the
  party leaders
• Initiative a process whereby 5 to 15 of the
  people could draft a bill and send it to the
  legislature for consideration
• the bill had to be considered but not passed
• it allowed the people to practice freedom of
  petition

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Increasing Democracy

• Referendum a process whereby the legislature
  was required to submit a bill directly to the
  voters for approval
• used mainly to deal with taxes and financial
  matters that directly affected the people
• Recall a process whereby approximately 25 of
  the voters sign a petition that calls for a
  special election to decide if an official should
  continue in office

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The Wisconsin Idea

• Robert LaFollette
• governor of Wisconsin
• supported all major Progressive reforms
• reforms called the Wisconsin Idea
• Wisconsin Idea was based on the following
  Progressive reforms
• higher taxes on corporations and inheritance of
  the wealthy
• commissions to regulate railroads and public
  utilities
• workmens compensation laws for workers injured
  on the job
• a conservation program of forests and lakes

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The Wisconsin Idea
Robert La Follette
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• The will of the people shall
• be the law of the land!
• Governor Robert La Follette
• wisconsinidea

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Teddy Roosevelt And Conservation
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TR Conservation

• Conservation
• by 1900, Americas natural resources in danger
• timber and mining companies the worst offenders
• TR believed strongly in protecting and preserving
  the environment and nations natural resources
• Americas first environmental President

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TR Conservation

• Gifford Pinchot
• an influential member of the Division of Forestry
• taught timber companies to use less wasteful
  methods of timber cutting
• emphasized replanting of trees
• Forest Reserve Act
• set aside forest reserve land for public use
• TR established the following two national parks
• Mesa Verde Colorado
• Grand Canyon Arizona

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Grand Canyon
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Gifford Pinchot
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TR Conservation

• TR set aside 148 million acres of forest land
• also withdrew 80 million acres from public sale

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Regroup

• What are
• Direct primary
• Initiative
• Recall
• Referendum
• How do these reforms increase democracy?
• What was the Wisconsin Idea?
• How is TRs conservation a major government
  reform?

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The Election of 1912
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The Candidates
Theodore Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
William Howard Taft
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Election of 1912

• Background
• 1912 former President Theodore Roosevelt
  announces he will seek the Republican nomination
  for President
• opposes President William Howard Taft
• accuses Taft of not being progressive enough
• Taft easily wins Republican nomination
• TR accuses Taft of stealing the nomination
• TR therefore leaves the Republican Party
  creates Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)

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TR v. Taft
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Election of 1912

• Bull Moose Party
• TRs followers gathered in Chicago
• formed Bull Moose Party
• TR nominated Bull Moose candidate for President
• Party name comes from TRs claim he was as fit
  as a bull moose

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TheBull Moose Party
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The Election of 1912

• Bull Moose Party Platform
• endorsed Wisconsin Idea (initiative,
  referendum, recall, direct primary, direct
  election of U.S. senators)
• endorsed womans suffrage
• endorsed workmens compensation
• prohibition of child labor
• regulation of working conditions for women
• creation of a Federal Trade Commission to
  regulate business trusts
• Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson
• a Progressive

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Progressive v. Progressive1912
Theodore Roosevelt "New Nationalism"
Woodrow Wilson "New Freedom"
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Roosevelt and Wilson

• Two Progressive Candidates
• TR and Wilson similar on the following issues
• both favored greater political democracy
• both supported social and economic reform
• both opposed Taft as a symbol of the status quo
• TR and Wilson differed on the following issues
• TR favored high tariffs Wilson wanted lower
  tariffs
• TR supported big business Wilson opposed big
  business
• TR wanted to regulate giant corporations Wilson
  wanted to break up all giant corporations

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The Election of 1912

• Woodrow Wilsons plan called the New Freedom
• wanted to restore freedom of Americas early days
• favored policies that favored small business
  growth over large businesses
• New Freedom ideals appealed to rural areas

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The Election of 1912

• Election Outcome
• the candidates received the following number of
  electoral votes
• Wilson 435 votes
• Roosevelt 88 votes
• Taft 8 votes
• Wilson won only 42 of the popular vote
• the split in the Republican Party allowed Wilson
  to win the Election of 1912
• Highest 3rd party total ever

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The Election of 1912

• Wilsons Party (Democrats) maintained control of
  Congress
• Democratic control of Congress will allow Wilson
  to enact his New Freedom domestic program

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Regroup

• Who were the candidates in the campaign of 1912?
• How were TR Wilson similar?
• How were they dissimilar?
• What was significant about TRs electoral vote
  total?
• How did TRs run impact the outcome of the
  election?

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Woodrow Wilson The New Freedom
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President Woodrow Wilson

• New Freedom
• the New Freedom was President Wilsons
  progressive reform program which dealt with the
  following issues
• Tariffs
• Taxes
• monopolies (trusts)
• banking
• Underwood Tariff
• lowered tariffs by 25

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President Woodrow Wilson

• Graduated Income Tax
• a tax which increases in proportion to an
  individuals income
• meant to place the tax burden on the wealthy
• Monopolies
• Wilson proposed two laws to establish rules of
  fair competition
• Federal Trade Commission Act
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act

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President Woodrow Wilson

• Federal Trade Commission
• monitored business practices in foreign and
  interstate trade
• ordered companies to cease and desist when
  found guilty of unfair business practices
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act
• outlawed unfair business activities which
  impaired competition

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Federal Trade Commission
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President Woodrow Wilson

• The following unfair practices were defined under
  the Clayton Act
• price discrimination charging different prices
  to different customers
• tying contracts contracts where one company
  could only or exclusively use the goods or
  services of another company
• interlocking directorate when the same people
  serve as the directors of competing corporations

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President Woodrow Wilson

• The Clayton Act also outlawed the practice of a
  company buying the stock of another company to
  reduce competition
• EXAMPLE Dupont purchased General Motors stock
  so it could force General Motors to exclusively
  buy Dupont paint

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Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• Price
• Discrimination
• Tying Contracts
• Interlocking
• Directorates

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Clayton Anti-Trust Act Labor Unions
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President Woodrow Wilson

• Labor Unions
• the Clayton Anti-Trust Act exempted labor unions
  from all anti-trust laws
• court injunctions against labor unions could only
  be used to prevent irreparable damage to property
• strikes, peaceful picketing and boycotts were
  considered legal under the Clayton Act
• Gompers The Workers Magna Carta!

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President Woodrow Wilson

• Banking
• Americas banks faced the following problems
• small banks had no central money reserve from
  which to borrow money in times of trouble
• during financial panics, people withdrew all
  their money
• many banks were therefore forced to close

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President Woodrow Wilson

• America also had a currency shortage
• currency backed by gold in short supply
• greater supply needed for an expanding economy
• the Federal Reserve Act therefore enacted to meet
  the crisis

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President Woodrow Wilson

• Federal Reserve System
• formed a federation of 8 to 12 central banks
• these central banks were called bankers banks
• these bankers banks could supply temporary
  funds to member banks in times of trouble
• all national banks required to join the Federal
  Reserve System
• state banks could join on a voluntary basis

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Federal Reserve Act
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The Federal Reserve System
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Regroup

• What was Wilsons New Freedom?
• How did Wilson change his position on business
  after the election of 1912?
• In what ways was Wilson just as progressive as
  TR?
• What is the Federal Reserve supposed to do?
• How was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act the Magna
  Carta of the Labor movement?

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The Progressive Amendments
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The Progressive Amendments

• 16th Amendment (1913)
• The Congress shall have power to lay and collect
  taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived,
  without apportionment among the several States,
  and without regard to any census or enumeration

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Sixteenth Amendment1913

• Federal
• Income Tax

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The Progressive Amendments

• 17th Amendment (1913)
• The Senate of the United States shall be composed
  of two Senators from each State, elected by the
  people thereof, for six years and each Senator
  shall have one vote.

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The Progressive Amendments

• 18th Amendment (1919)
• prohibited alcohol (later repealed by the 21st
  Amendment
• the prohibition of alcohol was enforced under the
  Volstead Act
• the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
  intoxicating liquors within, the importation
  thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the
  United States and all territory subject to the
  jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is
  hereby prohibited.

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The Progressive Amendments

• 19th Amendment (1920)
• granted women full voting rights (womens
  suffrage)
• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any State on account of sex.

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Nineteenth Amendment1920

• Granted women
• full voting
• rights
• Womens
• Suffrage

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• End of Progressivism
• War World I
• 1. President Wilson concentrated on world events
  when World War I broke out in Europe
• a. all Progressive reform ended when America
  entered the war

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End of Progressivism
World War I 1914
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Regroup

• How many Progressive Amendments were passed and
  what were they?
• What ended Progressivism?
• How did Progressivism attempt to address the
  social ills of the late 19th and early 20th
  centuries?
• Was it successful? Why or why not?