Figure 5.1 Gill structure in the larvae of viviparous caecilians. Bottom, Dermophis mexicanus (Caeciliidae) with triramous, fimbriated gills; top, Typhlonectes natans (Typhlonectidae) with enlarged, saclike gills; these highly vascularized gills may

1
Figure 5.1 Gill structure in the larvae of
viviparous caecilians. Bottom, Dermophis
mexicanus (Caeciliidae) with triramous,
fimbriated gills top, Typhlonectes natans
(Typhlonectidae) with enlarged, saclike gills
these highly vascularized gills may absorb
nutrients from the parent. Adapted from M. Wake,
1993.
2
Figure 5.2 Females of the frog Leptobatrachium
boringiae position themselves on the substrate
under submerged rocks during asymmetrical
inguinal aplexus while the male (top) pushes the
eggs to the undersurface of the rock with his
right hindleg. The end result is a mass of eggs
that looks like a doughnut (insert). Adapted from
Cheng and Fu, 2007, drawing by Z. Zheng.
3
Figure 5.3 Production of a foam nest by a paired
male and female Leptodactylus knudseni. These
large leptodactylids may deposit eggs in the same
nest more than once. Tadpoles develop in the foam
and are washed into a nearby pond if heavy rains
occur. (W. Hödl, 1990)
4
Figure 5.4 Secretions from a male and female are
whipped by rapid leg movements into a foam nest
by the Brazilian leiuperid, Physalaemus
ephippifer. At the same time, eggs are deposited
and fertilized. The black circles represent the
path of an egg as it is extruded from the female
and pushed into the growing mound of foam
several hundred eggs will be deposited in a
single nest. Adapted from Hödl, 1990.
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Figure. 5.5 Larva of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus
after eating eggs of other frog species
inhabiting ponds in Goiás, Brazil. (A. Sebben)
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Figure 5.6 From top to bottom Mating ritual of
Pipa parva. The pair somersaults in the water as
eggs are released and fertilized the male
presses the eggs into the female's dorsum, where
they embed in her skin. A female Pipa parva with
freshly deposited eggs on her dorsum. Tadpoles
emerging from pockets on the back of a female
Pipa carvalhoi. (K.-H. Jungfer, 1996)
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Figure 5.7 Direct-developing eggs of Pristimantis
sp. In this species, eggs are deposited in leaf
litter in a tropical forest. Note the
well-developed back legs of the embryos. (J. P.
Caldwell)
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Figure 5.8 Frogs in the family Centrolenidae
deposit their eggs on the undersides of leaves
over moving water, where they develop into tiny
tadpoles that drop into the stream. (J. P.
Caldwell)
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Figure 5.9 Left Nest construction by a male
Leptodactylus mystaceus male calls from the
depression to attract a female. Right The male
and a female produce a foam nest in which they
deposit eggs. The nest is abandoned, and tadpoles
are flooded from the nest when heavy rains occur.
(J. P. Caldwell)
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Figure 5.10 Synchronous hatching occurs when eggs
of the Amazonian lizard, Plica plica, are
disturbed. (L. J. Vitt)
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Figure 5.11 Evolutionary events leading to
vivparity and matrotrophy in vertebrates. Adapted
from Blackburn, 2006.
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Figure 5.12 Evolutionary events leading to
viviparity and matrotrophy in squamates. CL
refers to corpora lutea. Adapted from Blackburn,
2006.
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Figure 5.13 Diagrammatic representation of the
chorioallantoic placenta in Mabuya heathi. The
placenta lies above the embryo and consists of
hypertrophied uterine (maternal) and chorionic
(fetal) tissue forming the placentome, the joint
structure for nutrient transfer to the embryo,
waste transfer to the female, and gaseous
exchange. The interdigitating structures are the
chorionic areolae, the site of transfer and
exchange. Adapted from Blackburn and Vitt, 1992.
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Figure 5.14 Generalized pattern of growth in
embryos of the viviparous New World skink, Mabuya
heathi. The embryo increases more than 74,000 of
its freshly ovulated mass as the result of
nutrient uptake from the female. Adapted from
Blackburn and Vitt, 1992.
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Figure 5.15 Clockwise from top left Male
Hyalinobatrachium valerioi attending three
clutches of eggs of different ages female of
Stefania evansi brooding exposed eggs on its
back female Flectonotus fitzgeraldi brooding
five eggs in dorsal pouches an amplexing pair of
Gastrotheca walkeri. Large, pale yellow eggs are
expelled singly from the female's cloaca,
fertilized by the male, and manipulated into the
brooding pouch on the female's back. Photographs
H. valerioi, W. Hödl all others, K.-H. Jungfer.
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Figure 5.16 Female of the skink Plestiodon
fasciatus attending her clutch of eggs. (L. J.
Vitt)
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Figure 5.17 Events leading to deposition of
tadpoles of the dendrobatid frog Epipedobates
tricolor. From top to bottom, amplexus, tadpole
attendance, tadpole transport, and release of
tadpoles in water. (K.-H. Jungfer)
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Figure 5.18 Crocodylus palustris carrying newly
hatched offspring to water. (J. W. Lang)
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Figure 5.19 Froglets that have nearly completed
their development on the back of a brooding
female Stefania evansi. (K.-H. Jungfer)
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Figure 5.20 Top A female Anotheca spinosa
feeding trophic eggs to her tadpoles. Begging
behavior of the tadpoles may stimulate egg
laying. Bottom Trophic eggs consumed by a
tadpole of Anotheca spinosa are visible through
the transparent skin. (K.-H. Jungfer)
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Figure 5.21 Top Adult female of Leptodactylus
ocellatus situated at the edge of her tadpole
school. For perspective, the tadpoles just below
the frog in the top panel are about 50 mm in
total length. The female remains with the tadpole
school and aggressively attacks intruders.
Bottom Tadpole school of Leptodactylus ocellatus
from central Brazil. (J. P. Caldwell)
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Figure 5.22 Adult female of the salamander
Plethodon albagula attending her egg clutch. (S.
E. Trauth)