Ch. 1 Notes

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Ch. 1 Notes Emergence of Civilization
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Mind Mapping Effective Note Tool
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Section 1 Human Origins in Africa
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Scientists Search for Human Origins

• Defining Prehistory
• Time before invention of writing, about 5,000
  years ago
• Scientific Clues
• Archaeologists study bones and artifacts human
  made objects
• Anthropologists study culture a groups way of
  life
• Paleontologists study fossils plant and animal
  remains preserved in rock

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Class Activity

• What does an anthropologist study?
• They help explain demographics (societies age,
  income/wealth, education, and other
  characteristics of that society)
• How?

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Scientists Search for Human Origins cont.

• Early Footprints Found
• Mary Leakey team discovers prehistoric footprints
  in Tanzania in 1978
• Laetoli footprints belong to hominids creatures
  that walk upright
• The Discovery of Lucy
• Donald Johanson team finds female hominid in
  Ethiopia in 1974
• Nicknames 3.5 million-year-old skeleton Lucy
• Hominids Walk Upright
• Walking upright helps hominids travel distances
  easily
• They also develop the opposable thumb
• Early hominids, like Lucy, are a species of
  australopithecines

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Donald Johanson with Lucy
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Lucy
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The Old Stone Age Begins

• 2 Phases of the Stone Age
• Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) lasted from about
  2.5 million to 8000 B.C. (Before Christ)
• Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) lasted from 8000 to
  3000 BCE (Before Current Era)
• Paleolithic Age had cold temperatures and large
  glaciers (Ice Age)
• Use of tools, fire, and language develops during
  the Stone Age

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The Old Stone Age Begins cont.

• Homo habilis may have used tools
• Louis and Mary Leakey discover 2.5
  million-year-old hominid fossil
• Found in Tanzania, is named Homo habilis man of
  skill

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The Old Stone Age Begins cont.

• Homo erectus Develops Technology
• Appeared about 1.6 million years ago in East
  Africa
• Homo erectus, upright man, used intelligence to
  develop technology
• Technology ways of applying knowledge, tools,
  and inventions
• Developed tools to dig, scrape, cut became
  skillful hunters
• First hominid to use fire might have developed
  language
• First hominid to migrate from Africa moved to
  Asia and Europe

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Homo Erectus
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The Dawn of Modern Humans

• Appearance of Homo sapiens
• Species name for modern humans had larger brain
  than Homo erectus
• Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons appear Neanderthals
  are not ancestors of Homo sapiens
• Neanderthals Way of Life
• Powerful muscles and thick bones
• Lived 200,000 to 30,000 years ago in Europe and
  SW Asia
• Developed religious beliefs and performed rituals
• Lived in caves, shelters made of wood and skin

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Neanderthal Images
What they are saying now?
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Neanderthal Images
Cave Painting in France
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The Dawn of Modern Humans cont.

• Cro-Magnons Emerge
• About 40,000 years ago Cro-Magnons appear
• Physically identical to modern humans
• Hunted in groups better hunters than
  Neanderthals
• Advanced skill in spoken language
• Migrated from North Africa to Europe and Asia
• Population grew quickly replaced Neanderthals

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Cro-Magnons
CLOSELY RELATED TO TODAY TO PEOPLE FROM FINLAND
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Section 2 Humans Try to Control Nature
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The Beginnings of Agriculture

• The Neolithic Revolution
• Neolithic Revolution agricultural revolution,
  began about 10,000 years ago
• Nomadic women scattered seeds, then discovered
  crops
• Shift from food-gathering to food-production
  great breakthrough
• Causes
• Rising temperatures longer growing seasons
• Constant supply of fresh food equals population
  growth

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The Beginnings of Agriculture cont.

• Early Methods
• Slash-and-burn farming- clear land by cutting and
  burning trees
• Moved after a couple of years
• Domestication of Animals
• Domestication taming wild animals for food
• Tamed horses, dogs, goats and pigs
• Example Jarmo in Iraq and Catal Huyuk (chuh-TUL
  hoo-Yook) in Turkey

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Catal Huyuk
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Catal Huyuk
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Section 3 Civilization
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Villages Grow Into Cities

• Farming leads to larger communities
• Food surpluses allow people to develop new skills
• Invention of wheel and sail key
• Social classes develop

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How Civilization Develops

• Advanced Cities
• Centralization planning become focused on a
  certain area.
• Bureaucracy Government workers/leaders.
• Specialized Workers
• - Division of Labor -
• Complex Institutions
• Example Temples Ziggurat is a pyramid shaped
  monument
• Theocracy governments ruled by religious
  leaders
• Record Keeping
• Advanced Technology
• Example in book is Ur in Iraq

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Pictures of Ur
The Great Ziggurat
Tombs
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UR
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Class Activity

• The U.S. is an advanced civilization. With a
  partner, come up with 2 examples of each
  characteristic of a civilization.