Warm- Up: Find the 6 differences between the two pictures.

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Warm- Up Find the 6 differences between the two
pictures.
Source http//www.slylockfox.com/arcade/6diff/ind
ex.html
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The answers are
Source http//www.slylockfox.com/arcade/6diff/ind
ex.html
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Objective

• SWBAT describe proper techniques for packaging
  common types of physical evidence.

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Agenda

1. Physical Evidence
2. The Murder Scene
3. JonBenet Ramsey Documentary
4. Exit Slip

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SEARCH METHODS

• Line or strip methodbest in large, outdoor
  scenes
• Grid methodbasically a double-line search
  effective, but time-consuming
• Zone methodmost effective in houses or
  buildings teams are assigned small zones for
  searching
• Spiral methodmay move inward or outward best
  used where there are no physical barriers

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Types of Evidence

• Two general types
• Testimoniala statement made under oath
• Direct evidence or Prima Facie evidence
• Physicalany object or material that is relevant
  in a crime
• Indirect evidence
• Examples hair, fiber, fingerprints, documents,
  blood, soil, drugs, tool marks, impressions,
  glass.

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Value of Physical Evidence

• Generally more reliable than testimonial
• Can prove that a crime has been committed
• Can corroborate or refute testimony
• Can link a suspect with a victim or with a crime
  scene
• Can establish the identity of persons associated
  with a crime
• Can allow reconstruction of events of a crime

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Reconstruction

• Physical Evidence is used to answer questions
  about
• what took place
• how the victim was killed
• number of people involved
• sequence of events
• A forensic scientist will compare the questioned
  or unknown sample with a sample of known origin.

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Types of Physical Evidence

• Transient Evidencetemporary easily changed or
  lost usually observed by the first officer at
  the scene
• Pattern Evidenceproduced by direct contact
  between a person and an object or between two
  objects
• Conditional Evidenceproduced by a specific event
  or action important in crime scene
  reconstruction and in determining the set of
  circumstances or sequence within a particular
  event
• Transfer Evidenceproduced by contact between
  person(s) or object(s), or between person(s) and
  person(s)
• Associative Evidenceitems that may associate a
  victim or suspect with a scene or each other ie,
  personal belongings
• Lee and Labriola in Famous Cases, 2001

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Examples of Transient Evidence

• Odorputrefaction, perfume, gasoline, urine,
  burning, explosives, cigarette or cigar smoke
• Temperaturesurroundings, car hood, coffee, water
  in a bathtub, cadaver
• Imprints and indentationsfootprints, teeth marks
  in perishable foods, tire marks on certain
  surfaces
• Markings

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Examples of Pattern Evidence

• Pattern Evidencemost are in the form of
  imprints, indentations, striations, markings,
  fractures or deposits.

• Clothing or article distribution
• Gun powder residue
• Material damage
• Body position
• Tool marks
• Modus operandi

• Blood spatter
• Glass fracture
• Fire burn pattern
• Furniture position
• Projectile trajectory
• Tire marks or skid marks

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Examples of Conditional Evidence

• Lightheadlight, lighting conditions
• Smokecolor, direction of travel, density, odor
• Firecolor and direction of the flames, speed of
  spread, temperature and condition of fire
• Locationof injuries or wounds, of bloodstains,
  of the victims vehicle, of weapons or cartridge
  cases, of broken glass

• Vehiclesdoors locked or unlocked, windows opened
  or closed, radio off or on (station), odometer
  mileage
• Bodyposition, types of wounds rigor, livor and
  algor mortis
• Scenecondition of furniture, doors and windows,
  any disturbance or signs of a struggle

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Classification ofEvidence by Nature

• Biologicalblood, semen, saliva, sweat, tears,
  hair, bone, tissues, urine, feces, animal
  material, insects, bacterial, fungal, botanical
• Chemicalfibers, glass, soil, gunpowder, metal,
  mineral, narcotics, drugs, paper, ink, cosmetics,
  paint, plastic, lubricants, fertilizer
• Physicalfingerprints, footprints, shoe prints,
  handwriting, firearms, tire marks, tool marks,
  typewriting
• Miscellaneouslaundry marks, voice analysis,
  polygraph, photography, stress evaluation,
  psycholinguistic analysis, vehicle identification

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Evidence Characteristics

• Classcommon to a group of objects or persons
• Individualcan be identified with a particular
  person or a single source

Blood DNA Typing
Fingerprints
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Class vs Individual Evidence
Which examples do you think could be individual
evidence?
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COLLECTING AND PACKAGING EVIDENCE

• One individual should be designated as the
  evidence collector to ensure that the evidence is
  collected, packaged, marked, sealed, and
  preserved in a consistent manner
• Each item must be placed in a separate container,
  sealed, and labeled
• Most fragile is collected and packaged first
• Different types of evidence require specific or
  special collection and packaging techniques
• The body is the property of the coroner or
  medical examiner. The collection of evidence on
  the body is done by that department

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PACKAGING

• Most items should be packaged in a primary
  container and then placed inside a secondary one.
  These are then placed inside other containers
  such as paper bags, plastic bags, canisters,
  packets and envelopes depending on the type and
  size of the evidence.

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CHAIN OF CUSTODY

• There must be a written record of all people who
  have had possession of an item of evidence.
• The evidence container must be marked for
  identification
• The collectors initials should be placed on the
  seal
• If evidence is turned over to another person, the
  transfer must be recorded.

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THE MEDICAL EXAMINER AND THE CORONER

• A medical examiner is a medical doctor, usually a
  pathologist and is appointed by the governing
  body of the area. There are 400 forensic
  pathologists throughout the U.S.
• A coroner is an elected official who usually has
  no special medical training. In four states, the
  coroner is a medical doctor.

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MEDICAL EXAMINERS RESPONSIBILITIES

• Identify the deceased
• Establish the time and date of death
• Determine a medical cause of deaththe injury or
  disease that resulted in the person dying
• Determine the mechanism of deaththe
  physiological reason that the person died
• Classify the manner of death
• Natural
• Accidental
• Suicide
• Homicide
• Undetermined
• Notify the next of kin

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PEOPLE IN THE NEWS

• Dr. Michael M. Baden is a renowned pathologist
  and was the Chief Medical Examiner in NY City and
  for Suffolk County.
• Dr. Baden was on the panel that investigated the
  assassinations of president John F. Kennedy and
  Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. He has been involved
  as an expert in forensic pathology in many cases
  of international interest including
• The remains of Tsar Nicholas of Russia and his
  family
• The Claus Von Bulow murder trial
• Expert witness for the defense in the O.J.
  Simpson trial
• Re-autopsy of Medgar Evers, Civil Rights leader
• Re-examination of the Lindberg Kidnapping and
  murder
• Autopsies of the victims of TWA Flight 800
• Dr. Baden is the host of HBOs Autopsy series and
  is featured on many of the crime talk shows.

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JonBenet Ramsey Documentary

• 8. What did the autopsy reveal?
• 9. What was the largest problem with the
  investigation?
• 10. What were some problems with the
  investigation in the spring of 1997?
• 11. What clue did DNA testing give investigators?
  
• 12. Who did the handwriting analyst think the
  ransom note was written by?
• 13. Why were the Ramseys never called to testify
  in front of the grand jury?

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JonBenet Ramsey Documentary

• 14. What did the grand jury decide on October
  1999?
• 15. What was DA Keenans theory that was released
  in 2003?
• 16. Why was Carr arrested and why was the case
  dropped?
• 17. In 2008 what did the DNA reveal?

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Homework

• Chapter 1 Review Questions, 1 29 Chapter 2
  Review Questions, 1 26 due Thursday
• Units 1 2 Exam on Thursday!

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Exit SlipSeptember 2, 2014

• 1. Get out a mobile device or use one of the
  computers and go to m.socrative.com. You can also
  use one of the iPads that has the Socrative app.
• 2. When prompted, enter 417101 for the room
  number.
• QUESTION Why should all items of evidence be
  placed in different containers?