Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A

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Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-830pm in UTC 2.102A
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RT and/or PCR
Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid
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Bacteria can be used to transform plants
Global area planted with GM crops
Texas 70 ha
Millions of Hectares
http//www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/
gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
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Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their
plasmid DNA into the plants genome.
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Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their
plasmid DNA into the plants genome.
Fig 20.24
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By replacing the gall forming genes with other
DNA when the Agrobacterium infect a plant, it
will insert that DNA into the plant.
Fig 20.25
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The generation of a transgenic plant
Grown on herbicide
Fig 20.26
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How do you know whether the gene you want to
express has the correct sequence?
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How do you know whether the gene you want to
express has the correct sequence? DNA sequencing
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• The structure of 2,3-dideoxynucleotides

Fig 20.15
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The dideoxy sequencing method
Fig20.16
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The dideoxy sequencing method
Fig20.16
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Gel produced by the dideoxy sequencing method
Fig20.16
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Computerized sequencers use a similar method
Fig20.17
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Figure 20-28

• Creation of Caenorhabditis elegans transgenes

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Figure 20-30

• Creation of Mus musculus transgenes

Fig 20.30
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Creation of Drosophila melanogaster transgenes
using a transposon
Fig 20.29
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now enjoy making Frakencritters.
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Is Changing an Organisms DNA a Good or Bad Idea?

• Genes flow within species and between species.
• Are GM foods safe for the environment?
• Are GM foods profitable for
• Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

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Types of Genetically Modified Crops
Herbicide Tolerance Insect Resistance Viral
Resistance
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Patents give 17 year monopoly for inventor
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• Examples of current patents
• Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats
  (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

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• Examples of current patents
• Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats
  (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
• Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
  for use as anti-inflammatory

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• Examples of current patents
• Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats
  (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
• Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
  for use as anti-inflammator
• GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human
  DNA for detecting risk of various diseases

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• Examples of current patents
• Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats
  (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
• Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
  for use as anti-inflammatory
• GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human
  DNA for detecting risk af various diseases
• Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse

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• Examples of current patents
• Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse
• Rejected by Canadian Supreme court in 2002

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The Canadian Patent Act defines "invention" as
"any new and useful art, process, machine,
manufacture or composition of matter, or any new
and useful improvement in any art, process,
machine, manufacture or composition of matter".
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The Canadian Patent Act defines "invention" as
"any new and useful art, process, machine,
manufacture or composition of matter, or any new
and useful improvement in any art, process,
machine, manufacture or composition of
matter". Canadian court ruled that
microorganisms, GM plants, modified DNA and cells
could be patented, but not whole animal.
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• Examples of current patents
• Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats
  (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
• Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
  for use as anti-inflammatory
• GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human
  DNA for detecting risk af various diseases
• Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse
• Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

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Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps
flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a
pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder,
its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is
used, they say, for snake bites, malaria,
hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin
diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70
U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree
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Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps
flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a
pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder,
its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is
used, they say, for snake bites, malaria,
hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin
diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70
U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree One was
rejected due to previous use in indigenous
Indian culture
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Concerns of developing nations vs. industrialized
countries
Bioprospecting
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These three scientists made important decisions
about their research that changed our world
Albert Einstein
Edward Teller
Robert Oppenheimer
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(No Transcript)
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What responsibility do scientists have for our
creations?
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Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-830pm in UTC 2.102A