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Genetic Engineering

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Title: Human Genome Project, Stem Cells and Cloning Author: Debra Howsmon Last modified by: Kristen Nicole Lynam Created Date: 1/14/2006 4:14:27 PM – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Genetic Engineering


1
Genetic Engineering
2
  • II. Genetic engineering Changing an organisms
    DNA to make it more beneficial to humans

3
Genetic Engineering, cont.
  • Recombinant DNA DNA made from two separate
    species
  • A gene from one organism is recombined with
    another organisms DNA.
  • Transgenic Organism any organism that contains
    recombinant DNA.
  • These new gene combinations could never be
    possible in nature

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Just for Fun?- a glowing tobacco plant
6
Whats Next on Your Plate?
http//archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1597/science_techn
ology/genetically_modified_food/
  • What genes do we want them to have?
  • Insect, Herbicide, and Fungal resistance
  • Drought resistance
  • Product quality
  • Longer Shelf Life (Flavr Savr Tomato)

7
Transgenic Organisms Plants
Example Rice plants and daffodils can not cross
pollinate with each other in nature.
The rice on the right is called Golden Rice. Its
genome contains the gene for producing vitamin A
from daffodils. This rice is healthier for
people who do not get enough vitamin A in their
diets.
8
Transgenic Organisms Animals
Animals are now being produced with genes that
increase milk production and muscle mass (meat).
Problem unhealthy legs cannot support weight
9
3. Transgenic Organisms Bacteria
  • Used to produce important medicines
  • Insulin for diabetics
  • Human growth hormone (HGH) to treat pituitary
    dwarfism
  • Anticoagulants for (for treating heart attack
    patients)

Bacteria cultures
Insulin
10
Human Genome Project
  • A genome is an organisms complete set of DNA
  • Project began in 1990 Completed in 2003
  • Coordinated by National Institutes of Health
    (NIH) U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

11
What is the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
  • Goals of HGP
  • Reading and determining the sequence of the 3
    billion base pairs in the human genome.
  • Locating and identifying all genes in the human
    genome which there is about 30,000
  • Storing information into databases that are
    accessible to the public
  • Analyzing and addressing ethical, legal, social
    issues involved in using this information

12
Benefits of the Human Genome Project
  • We have located many diseased genes and genetic
    tests have been created.
  • Researching bacteria genomes furthered research
    for fuel environmental clean-up
  • Improved technology for DNA forensic science
  • Other sequences completed for E. coli, yeast,
    simple round worm, fruit fly, rat chimpanzee
    (model organisms for studying how similar genes
    work in humans.)

Maps of chromosomes 13 17 show the
location of BRCA 2 BRCA 1 breast cancer genes.
13
DNA Fingerprinting/Electrophoresis
  • DNA fingerprinting tool used by forensics
    scientists to identify a person using DNA.
  • How it Works
  • A sample of the persons DNA is taken from blood,
    semen, bone, or hair.
  • DNA fragments are cut Restriction enzymes cut
    DNA at specific sequences. Useful to divide DNA
    into manageable fragments.

14
Electrophoresis
  • DNA fragments are separated based on size and
    charge.
  • Phosphate groups are negatively charged
  • DNA is placed into a gel connected to an
    electric current
  • DNA moves through the gel toward pole shortest
    lengths move the fastest longest lengths move
    the slowest.
  • A characteristic banding pattern is produced and
    a photograph is taken
  • The banding pattern is unique for each person
    thus called a DNA fingerprint

15
Electrophoresis
16
Electrophoresis
17
DNA Fingerprints
Used as evidence in court cases
Was any of the victims blood on the defendants
clothing?
Which dog was probably the culprit (dog that bit
the person)?
18
How Cloning Occurs in Nature
  • 1. Clone an organism that is genetically
    identical to another organism
  • All of the genes are the same (identical)
  • 2. Examples of cloning that occurs in nature
  • Reproduction in bacteria sponges (asexual)
  • Identical twins are natural clones

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20
Bacteria and Plant Cloning is Easy
  • Cloning of transgenic bacteria creates many
    living factories used to make insulin other
    drugs
  • 2. Cloning of transgenic plants to insure
    genetics are intact for the next generation.

Bacteria that contain genes for digesting oil can
be used to clean up oil spills.
21
Animal Cloning is difficult and controversial
Dolly First cloned animal
Also called Reproductive Cloning
22
What are Stem Cells Why Do Scientists Want
Them?
  • Stem cells (link) undefined cells that reproduce
    continuously can develop into any type of
    cells or tissues
  • 2. The hope is to be able to produce tissue
    organs for transplants

Stem cell technology can help those who wait for
organ transplants.
23
Where do we get Stem Cells?
  1. Embryonic Stem cells are most easily obtained
    from embryos and umbilical cords. (work best)
    They are pluripotent.
  2. Adult Stem cells are found in bone marrow and
    skin.

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