MA-20 Evolution of Warfare The Nature of War

1
MA-20 Evolution of WarfareThe Nature of War

• Man and War LtCol Mitchell

2
HOW WERE GOING TO EXAMINE THE EVOLUTION OF
WARFARE

• USE MCDP-1 (MARINE CORPS WARFIGHTING DOCTRINE) AS
  A TOOL TO ANALYSE PAST BATTLES, CAMPAIGNS WARS
• USE INTERNAL EXTERNAL THREADS OF HISTORICAL
  CONTINUITY IN WAR AS A MEANS TO ANALYZE EFFECTS
  ON CONFLICT
• USE PRINCIPLES OF WAR

3
NATURE OF WAR
Everything in war is simple, but the simplest
thing is difficult. The difficulties accumulate
and end by producing a kind of friction that is
inconceivable unless one has experienced war.
Carl von Clausewitz In war the chief
incalculable is the human will. B. H. Liddell
Hart Positions are seldom lost because they
have been destroyed, but almost invariably
because the leader has decided in his own mind
that the position cannot be held. A. A.
Vandegrift
4
WAR

• What is the definition of WAR ?

• Open and declared armed hostile conflict between
  states or nations.

• Any conflict between rival groups by force of
  arms or other means,recognized as a legal
  conflict. (Preston and Wise)

• An act of force to compel the enemy to do our
  will (Clausewitz)

5
WAR

• Spectrum of conflict
• Level of commitment (and destruction)
• Driven by policy and culture

• MOOTW ?

• Total war

• Limited War ?

6
NATURE of WAR

• Friction

• Uncertainty

• Fluidity

• Complexity

• Disorder

• Human Dimension
• FEAR
• Physical, mental, moral forces

7
NATURE of WAR

• Is War more Art or Science?

• ART
• Leadership
• Courage
• Tactics
• Enemy analysis
• Execution

• SCIENCE
• Logistics
• Troops
• Weapons systems
• Enemy capabilities
• Planning

8
Origins of war
NATURE OF WAR

• Group discussions of what constitutes warfare.

• War A violent clash of interests between or
  among organized groups characterized by the use
  of military force. (MCDP-1)
• Warfare The waging of war against an enemy
  armed conflict. Acts undertaken to destroy or
  undermine the strength of another.

• Is warfare a natural state of Man?

• Mans evolution that contributed to the conduct
  of war.
• Domestication and Agriculture

9
HISTORICAL THREADS OF CONTINUITY

• ART OF WAR IS EVER-CHANGING
• EACH WAR IS DIFFERENT
• CHANGE COMES ABOUT IN TWO WAYS
• EVOLUTIONARY
• REVOLUTIONARY
• WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES

10
HISTORICAL THREADS OF CONTINUITY

• MILITARY LEADERS MUST BE STUDENTS OF THE ART AND
  SCIENCE OF WAR
• ADAPT TO CHANGE
• ADAPT OR FAIL
• FAILURE TO LET GO OF THE PAST

11
INTERNAL THREADS

• MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM
• TACTICS
• OPERATIONS
• STRATEGY
• LOGISTICS ADMINISTRATION
• GENERALSHIP
• MILITARY THEORY DOCTRINE

12
MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM

• WHAT IS A PROFESSION
• An occupation or a calling that requires
  specialized knowledge of a given field of human
  activity.
• MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM IS
• Conduct, aims and qualities of members seeking
  to create or striving to perfect a profession
  whose public service is the conduct of war.

13
TACTICS

• SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES SMALLER UNITS USE TO WIN
  BATTLES AND ENGAGEMENTS
• ENGAGEMENT Small tactical conflict, usually
  between maneuver forces
• BATTLE A series of related tactical
  engagements. Battles last longer than
  engagements usually involve larger forces

14
OPERATIONS

• PLANNING AND CONDUCT OF CAMPAIGNS DESIGNED TO
  DEFEAT AN ENEMY IN A SPECIFIC SPACE AND TIME WITH
  SIMULTANEOUS AND SEQUENTIAL BATTLES
• The Commander projects thoughts forward in both
  time and space

15
OPERATIONS

• LINK BETWEEN STRATEGY TACTICS
• USE AVAILABLE MILITARY RESOURCES TO ATTAIN
  OBJECTIVES IN A SPECIFIC THEATER OF WAR

16
STRATEGY

• THE LONG-RANGE PLANS AND POLICIES FOR
  DISTRIBUTING AND APPLYING RESOURCES TO ACHIEVE
  SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• ATTAINMENT OF THE POLITICAL OBJECTIVES OF WAR
  THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF FORCE OR THE THREAT OF
  FORCE

17
LOGISTICS ADMINISTRATION

• Logistics is the providing, movement and
  maintenance of all services and resources
  necessary to sustain military forces
• Administration is the management of all services
  resources necessary to sustain military forces

18
LOGISTICS

• Design
• Development
• Acquisition
• Storage
• Movement
• Distribution
• Maintenance
• Evacuation disposal of material

• Movement, evacuation, hospitalization of
  personnel
• Facilities
• Civilian Labor
• Services

19
MILITARY THEORY DOCTRINE

• THEORY The body of ideas that concern war,
  especially the organization training for the
  conduct of war
• Those whose thoughts about war have influenced
  considerable numbers of soldiers are known as
  military theorists

20
MILITARY THEORY DOCTRINE

• DOCTRINE The authoritative fundamental
  principles by which military forces guide their
  actions in support of objectives
• Doctrine is generally disseminated through
  manuals, regulations, circulars, handbooks that
  prescribe standardized procedures organizations

21
MILITARY THEORY DOCTRINE

• After examination acceptance by highly
  experienced professionals, theory becomes
  doctrine
• Sound Judgment
• Solutions to every critical situation cannot be
  found in doctrine

22
GENERALSHIP

• EXERCISING THE QUALITIES ATTRIBUTES NECESSARY
  TO COMMAND MAJOR UNITS
• Involved in each thread of continuity
• Deep understanding of the value of morale and
  esprit to the profession

23
NAPOLEON SAID

• KNOWLEDGE OF THE HIGHER SPHERES OF WAR IS ONLY
  ACQUIRED THROUGH THE STUDY OF THE WARS BATTLES
  OF GREAT CAPTAINS (MEANING LEADERS OF BATTLES)
  BY EXPERIENCE.

24
NAPOLEON SAID

• EVERYTHING DEPENDS UPON THE
• CHARACTER OF THE GENERAL
• QUALITIES FAULTS
• NATURE OF THE TROOPS
• RANGE OF WEAPONS
• SEASON
• THOUSAND CIRCUMSTANCES THAT ARE NEVER THE SAME

25
EXTERNAL THREADS

• POLITICAL FACTORS
• SOCIAL FACTORS
• ECONOMIC FACTORS
• TECHNOLOGY

26
EXTERNAL FACTORS

• POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS PROVIDE
  THE FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL POWER
• TECHNOLOGY OFTEN PROVIDES THE LIMITS TO NATIONAL
  POWER

27
POLITICAL FACTORS

• IDEAS ACTIONS OF GOVERNMENTS OR ORGANIZED
  GROUPS THAT AFFECT THE ACTIVITIES OF WHOLE
  SOCIETIES

28
POLITICAL FACTORS

• Determine the composition strength of the
  military
• Establish goals policies for which wars are
  fought
• Have major influence upon the military profession

29
POLITICAL FACTORS

• Until middle of 19th Century, most heads of state
  were usually the military commanders as well
• Democratic societies of today have political
  policies quite removed from military capabilities
  goals

30
POLITICAL FACTORS

• In Democratic Societies
• Military profession influences legislation
  administrative decisions regarding national
  security
• Consequences of military actions on the
  international balance of power the behavior of
  foreign states

31
SOCIAL FACTORS

• POPULAR ATTITUDES
• RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS
• LEVEL OF EDUCATION
• ROLES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
• PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS (DOD)
• Planned operations to convey selected information
  and indicators to foreign audiences to influence
  their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and
  ultimately the behavior of foreign government,
  organizations, groups, and individuals. The
  purpose of psychological operations is to induce
  or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior
  favorable to the originator's objectives. Also
  called PSYOP. See also perception management.
• MASS MEDIA

32
SOCIAL FACTORS

• MINORITY QUESTIONS
• STANDARDS OF MORALITY JUSTICE
• COMBAT PSYCHOLOGY
• THE WILL OF A PEOPLE TO RESIST
• WHAT SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTED THE FIGHTING OF THE
  VIETNAM WAR

33
ECONOMIC FACTORS

• PRODUCTION
• DISTRIBUTION
• CONSUMPTION
• THESE ARE THE MATERIAL RESOURCES OF THE STATE
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECONOMIES AFFECT WARFARE
  DIFFERENTLY

34
ECONOMIC FACTORS

• ECONOMIC WAR
• BOYCOTT
• BLOCKADE
• PART OF TOTAL WAR, BUT CAN ALSO OCCUR WHEN WAR AS
  A GENERAL CONDITION DOES NOT EXIST

35
TECHNOLOGY

• TECHNOLOGY IS THE USING OF KNOWLEDGE TO CREATE OR
  IMPROVE UPON PRACTICAL OBJECTS OR METHODS

36
TECHNOLOGY

• WITHIN THE MILITARY PROFESSION, TECHNOLOGY LEADS
  TO PROGRESSIVE ADVANCEMENT IN SUCH AREAS AS
• TRANSPORTATION
• WEAPONRY
• COMMUNICATIONS
• CONSTRUCTION
• METALLURGY
• FOOD PRODUCTION AND MEDICINE

37
TECHNOLOGY (EXAMPLES)

• LASARS
• ACCOUSTIC WPNS MOTION SICKNESS, NAUSEA,
  DIARRHEA, INTERNAL ORGANS RESONATE
• VORTEX WPN SENDS SHOCK WAVE
• ELECTROMAGNETIC WPN PRODUCES SEIZURE
• LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC WPNS CAUSES BRAIN
  TO RELEASE CHEMICALS BRINGING ON SLEEP, RELEASE
  OF HISTAMINES
• MICROWAVE WPNS PAIN, BURNS

38
TECHNOLOGY

• HAS AN INFLUENCE UPON
• STRATEGY
• TACTICS
• LOGISTICS
• MILITARY THEORY AND DOCTRINE
• GENERALSHIP

39
THREADS OF CONTINUITY

• OFFER A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THAT SEEKS TO
  PROVIDE A MEANS TO RECONSTRUCT AT LEAST THE
  GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE MILITARY PAST
• USE DOCTRINE, THREADS, PRINCIPLES TO EVALUATE
  WARFARE

40
THREADS OF CONTINUITY

• PATTON
• THE PURPOSE OF HISTORY IS TO LEARN HOW HUMAN
  BEINGS REACT WHEN EXPOSED TO THE DANGER OF WOUNDS
  OR DEATH, HOW HIGH RANKING INDIVIDUALS REACT
  WHEN SUBMITTED TO THE ONEROUS RESPONSIBILITY OF
  CONDUCTING WAR OR THE PREPARATIONS FOR WAR.

41
PRINCIPLES OF WAR

• MASS
• OBJECTIVE
• OFFENSIVE
• SECURITY
• ECONOMY OF FORCE

• MANEUVER
• UNITY OF COMMAND
• SURPRISE
• SIMPLICITY

42
PRINCIPLES OF WAR

• FIELD MARSHALL EARL WARELL
• DONT TREAT THE SO-CALLED PRINCIPLE OF WAR AS
  HOLY WRIT, LIKE THE TEN COMMANDMENTS. THEY ARE
  MERELY COMMON SENSE MAXIMS. MERELY TO MEMORIZE
  THE MAXIM CUT YOUR COAT ACCORDING TO YOUR CLOTH
  DOES NOT INSTRUCT ONE HOW TO BE A TAILOR.

43
MASS

• CONCENTRATE COMBAT POWER AT THE DECISIVE PLACE
  AND TIME

44
MASS GOOD EXAMPLE

• RUSSIAN ARTILLERY
• GERMANS FEARED RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE DUE TO MASSED
  USE OF ARTILLERY AT POINT OF DECISION
• FOCUS ARTILLERY REGIMENT/DIVISION ON ONE GRID
  SQUARE
• PHYSICALLY PSCHOLOGICALLY DISLOCATE YOUR ENEMY

45
MASS BAD EXAMPLE

• BATTLE OF SOMME, SUMMER OF 1916, WWI
• HUGE CONCENTRATION OF ARTILLERY TO BATTER GERMAN
  DEFENSES OVER 20-MILE FRONT
• 1,400 GUNS SPREAD OUT OVER THAT DISTANCE
• NOT ENOUGH MASS FOR TRENCH WARFARE
• MORE FOCUS MASS SHOULD HAVE BEEN USED AT POINT
  OF DECISION, CREATING A GAP IN LINE
• 20,000 DEAD
• OF THE 120,000 ATTACKING, 57,000 BECAME
  CASUALTIES

46
OBJECTIVE

• Directs military operations toward a defined and
  attainable objective that contributes to
  strategic, operational, or tactical aims

47
OFFENSIVE

• Dictates that we act rather than react and
  dictate the time, place, purpose, scope,
  intensity, and pace of operations. The initiative
  must be seized, retained, and fully exploited.

48
OFFENSIVE

• ALWAYS PLAN TO REGAIN THE OFFENSIVE, FOR ITS
  ONLY ON THE OFFENSIVE WHERE WE HOPE TO IMPOSE OUR
  WILL
• RESORT TO DEFENSE WHEN WEAKNESS COMPELS YOU
• EVEN IN THE DEFENSE YOU CAN ASSUME AN OFFENSIVE
  CHARACTER
• THE DECISIVE ELEMENT OF THE DEFENSE IS THE
  COUNTERATTACK

49
SECURITY

• NEVER PERMIT THE ENEMY TO ACQUIRE AN UNEXPECTED
  ADVANTAGE
• FLANKS
• RECONNAISSANCE/INTELLIGENCE
• REAR AREAS

50
ECONOMY OF FORCE

• ALLOCATE MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COMBAT POWER TO
  SECONDARY EFFORTS
• OCCUPATION FORCES
• REAR AREAS

51
MANEUVER

• PLACE THE ENEMY IN A POSITION OF DISADVANTAGE
  THROUGH THE FLEXIBLE APPLICATION OF COMBAT POWER

52
UNITY OF COMMAND

• FOR EVERY OBJECTIVE, ENSURE UNITY OF EFFORT UNDER
  ONE RESPONSIBLE COMMANDER
• GOOD SCHWARTZKOPF/DESERT STORM
• BAD GRENADA (MAU, RANGERS, AIRBORNE)
• POOR INTEROPERABILITY

53
SURPRISE

• STRIKE THE ENEMY AT A TIME OR PLACE, OR IN A
  MANNER, FOR WHICH THEY ARE UNPREPARED
• ENEMY BECOMES AWARE TOO LATE TO REACT
  EFFECTIVELY
• NORMANDY WAS A SURPRISE FOR ROMMEL/WHY?

54
SIMPLICITY

• STRIVE TO PREPARE CLEAR, UNCOMPLICATED PLANS AND
  CLEAR, CONCISE ORDERS TO ENSURE THOROUGH
  UNDERSTANDING

55
PRINCIPLES OF WAR

• USE THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR TO EVALUATE DEFINING
  ENGAGEMENTS, BATTLES, AND CAMPAIGNS THROUGHOUT
  THE HISTORY OF WARFARE

56
LEVELS OF WAR

• STRATEGIC
• OPERATIONAL
• TACTICAL

57
LEVELS OF WAR

• War is a national undertaking
• Must be coordinated from policy level to the
  basic execution level
• Principles of War are appropriate to all levels
  of war
• The application of the Principles of War involves
  different perspectives at each level of war

58
STRATEGIC LEVEL OF WAR

• PERSPECTIVE IS WORLDWIDE LONG-RANGE
• NATION OR GROUP OF NATIONS DETERMINES NATIONAL OR
  ALLIANCE OBJECTIVES
• DEVELOPS AND USES NATIONAL RESOURCES TO
  ACCOMPLISH OBJECTIVES

59
STRATEGIC LEVEL OF WAR

• STRATEGY GUIDES OPERATIONS
• ESTABLISHES AIMS
• ALLOCATES RESOURCES
• TANGIBLE MATERIAL PERSONNEL
• INTANGIBLE POLITICAL PUBLIC SUPPORT
• IMPOSES CONDITIONS
• MAY BE POLITICAL CONCERNS THAT LIMIT USE OF
  FORCE, ETC.
• MAY BE SOCIAL CONCERNS

60
OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF WAR

• PERSPECTIVE IS THEATER WIDE
• JOINT, COMBINED, OR COALITION FORCES MANEUVER
  WITH OBJECTIVE OF ACHIEVING STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
• ASSISTS THE TACTICAL LEVEL BY BRINGING COHERENCE,
  OTHERWISE WARFARE WOULD BE A SERIES OF
  DISCONNECTED UNFOCUSED TACTICAL ACTIONS
• ASSISTS THE STRATEGIC LEVEL BY EFFECTIVELY
  ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVING THE AIM OF STRATEGY

61
TACTICAL LEVEL OF WAR THE WORLD OF COMBAT

• PERSPECTIVE IS ONE OF A BATTLE OR ENGAGEMENT
  WHEREBY YOU EXECUTE A PLAN OF MOVEMENT WITH FIRE
  SUPPORT TO ACHIEVE AN OBJECTIVE
• PERSPECTIVE IS EXECUTING YOUR PIECE OF THE PIE,
  WHILE MAINTAINING THE OVERALL OPERATIONAL
  PERSPECTIVE

62
LEVELS OF WAR

• WE WILL EXAMINE WAR FROM THESE THREE
  PERSPECTIVES, OR LEVELS OF WAR

63
FORMS OF WAR STRATEGY

• EXHAUSTION A strategy which seeks the gradual
  erosion of an enemy nations will or means to
  resist
• GERMANY/WWII
• VIETNAM/USA

64
FORMS OF WAR STRATEGY

• ATTRITION A strategy which seeks the gradual
  erosion of the combat power of the enemys armed
  forces

65
FORMS OF WAR STRATEGY

• ANNIHILATION A strategy which seeks the
  immediate destruction of the combat power of the
  enemys armed forces

66
CATEGORIES OF OPERATIONS

• OFFENSIVE Operations designed to achieve ones
  purpose by attacking the enemy

67
CATEGORIES OF OPERATIONS

• DEFENSIVE Operations designed to cause an
  enemys attack to fail

68
CATEGORIES OF OPERATIONS

• JOINT Military operations involving more than
  one service

69
CATEGORIES OF OPERATIONS

• COMBINED Military operations involving the
  armed services of more than one allied nation

70
OPERATIONAL DESIGN

• CENTER OF GRAVITY An armed combatant is a
  complex organism or system. It depends upon
  smooth and reliable component part(s)
  interaction, as well as the will of the
  commander.

71
OPERATIONAL DESIGN

• CENTER OF GRAVITY (Contd) Some components are
  more vital than others to the smooth reliable
  operation of the whole.

72
OPERATIONAL DESIGN

• CENTER OF GRAVITY (Contd) If these
  component(s) are damaged or destroyed, their loss
  unbalances the entire structure, producing
  cascading deterioration in cohesion and
  effectiveness. This may lead to complete
  failure.

73
CLAUSEWITZ

• The Center of Gravity is the hub of all power
  and movement, on which everything depends.

74
OPERATIONAL DESIGN

• Line of Operation Directional orientation of a
  force in relation to the enemy. The Line of
  Operation connects the force with its base of
  operations and its objective
• Interior Lines The ability to reinforce ones
  separated units faster than ones opponent, due
  to central position, superior mobility, or both

75
OPERATIONAL DESIGN

• Culminating Point That point in any offensive
  operation where the strength of the attacker no
  longer significantly exceeds that of the
  defender, and beyond which continued offensive
  operations risk overextension, counterattack, and
  defeat

76
OPERATIONAL DESIGN

• Culminating Point
• You want to achieve your decisive objective(s)
  before reaching the culminating point
• May occur because supplies cant keep up with
  operating forces
• May occur because lines of communication are
  under attack

77
OPERATIONAL DESIGN

• As we study warfare, think about how commanders
  and their armies planned and executed their
  operations. Did they
• Have an enemy Center of Gravity in mind. What
  was the Center of Gravity for each participant in
  a conflict?
• What were their lines of operation?
• Was their a planned culminating point?

78
WHAT IS MANEUVER

• A PLANNED AND CONTROLLED TACTICAL, OPERATIONAL,
  STRATEGIC MOVEMENT OF TROOPS, WARSHIPS, AIRCRAFT,
  ETC., OR THE EMPLOYMENT OF FORCES TO SECURE AN
  ADVANTAGEOR LEVERAGEOVER THE ENEMY TO
  ACCOMPLISH THE MISSION

79
FORMS OF MANEUVER

• FRONTAL ATTACK Offensive action that strikes
  the enemy across a broad front and over the most
  direct approaches

80
FORMS OF MANEUVER

• PENETRATION An offensive action that breaks
  through the enemy on a narrow front and seizes
  deep objectives to destroy the coherence of his
  defense

81
FORMS OF MANEUVER

• ENVELOPMENT An offensive action that passes
  around or over enemy defenses to seize objectives
  on his flank or rear.

82
FORMS OF MANEUVER

• TURNING MOVEMENT An envelopment that forces the
  enemy to abandon his position defenses, divert
  major forces and fight in two directions
  simultaneously
• Attacker attempts to avoid defense
• Attacker wants to secure terrain deep in the
  enemys rear and along lines of communication

83
FORMS OF MANEUVER

• INFILTRATION The covert movement of all or part
  of the attacking force through enemy lines to a
  favorable position in their rear

84
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

• MOVEMENT TO CONTACT An offensive operation
  whose purpose is to gain or reestablish contact
  with the enemy

85
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

• HASTY ATTACK A planned offensive action made
  without pause in the forward momentum of a force
  upon initial contact with the enemy

86
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

• DELIBERATE ATTACK A thoroughly planned and
  coordinated offensive action whose purpose is to
  initiate the forward momentum of friendly forces
  in contact with a prepared enemy

87
MAIN SUPPORTING ATTACKS

• MAIN ATTACK An offensive action constituting
  the commanders principal effort to achieve his
  purpose
• ONE UNIT THAT IS ASSIGNED PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY
  FOR ACCOMPLISHING THE FOCUS OF EFFORT

88
MAIN SUPPORTING ATTACKS

• SUPPORTING ATTACK An offensive action, separate
  from the main attack, intended by the commander
  to facilitate the main attack
• Deception
• Fixing the enemy in position
• Seizing key terrain
• KHE SANH
• DIVERTED ATTENTION OF U.S. COMMAND PRIOR TO TET
  OFFENSIVE

89
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

• EXPLOITATION An offensive action, the purpose
  of which is to prevent the enemy from
  reconstituting his defense or conducting an
  orderly withdrawal
• NAPOLEONS RETREAT FROM RUSSIA

90
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

• PURSUIT An offensive action, the purpose of
  which is to intercept and annihilate a retreating
  enemy which has lost its ability to effectively
  react

91
TYPES OF DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

• MOBILE DEFENSE A defense that employs a
  combination of offensive, defensive, and delaying
  action to defeat an enemy attack
• CAUSE THE ENEMY TO REACH THE CULMINATING POINT
  TOO EARLY

92
TYPES OF DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

• AREA DEFENSE A defense which is conducted to
  deny the enemy access to specific terrain for a
  specified time
• SAVING PRIVATE RYAN THE BRIDGE

93
RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

• DELAY A retrograde operation whose purpose is
  to gain time for friendly forces to reestablish
  the defense, cover a defending or withdrawing
  unit, protect a friendly units flank, or to
  participate in an economy of force effort
• THE SPARTANS AT THERMOPYLAE

94
RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

• WITHDRAWAL A retrograde operation, the purpose
  of which is to remove subordinate units from
  combat, adjust defensive positions, or relocate
  the entire force
• MARINES AT THE CHOSIN RESEVOIR

95
RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

• RETIREMENT A rearward movement away from the
  enemy by a force not in contact

96
RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

• RETREAT Any movement away from the enemy that
  is forced by the enemy. Normally very disorderly
  in nature
• This isnt a retreat this is an attack in
  another direction.

97
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• CAMPAIGN A series of related military
  operations intended to accomplish a common
  objective, usually within a given space time
• GUERILLA WARFARE Mil. Paramil. Operations
  conducted in hostile territory by irregular and
  primarily indigenous forces

98
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• COMBAT POWER A units fighting ability. An
  abstraction that represents ones judgment of a
  units fighting ability.
• A units combat power is not constant
• Combat power can be increased by the manner in
  which a unit is deployed

99
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• COMBAT POWER Factors making up a units combat
  power are
• Size
• Weaponry
• Esprit
• Leadership
• Training
• Discipline
• Other qualities

100
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• INSURGENCY An organized movement aimed at the
  overthrow of a constituted government through use
  of subversion and armed conflict
• INTELLIGENCE Product resulting from collection,
  evaluation, and analysis of all available
  information about opposing forces or nations

101
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• LIMITED WAR A war prosecuted by a belligerent
  who voluntarily exercises restraints on means,
  objective, geographical area, or time

102
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• LINES OF COMMUNICATION The land, sea and/or air
  routes that connect a military force with its
  base of operations and along which logistical
  support is provided
• BATTLE OF BASTOGNE/WWII

103
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• NATIONAL OBJECTIVES The fundamental aims,
  goals, or purposes of a nation towards which a
  policy is directed and efforts and resources of
  the nation (or alliance) are applied

104
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• NATIONAL POLICY A broad course of action or
  statements of guidance adopted by the government
  (or alliance) at a national level in pursuit of
  national objectives

105
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• RESERVE A combat element intentionally withheld
  from action by the commander so as to be
  available for commitment at the decisive moment
  of a battle

106
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• STRATEGIC CONSUMPTION The loss of available
  combat strength due to diversions and
  irreplaceable casualties imposed by the expansion
  of ones base of operations
• Guarding lines of communication
• Garrisoning key positions in the rear

107
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• SUPPORTING DISTANCE Distance by which two or
  more forces can be separated while retaining the
  ability to reinforce each other before anyone can
  be defeated individually.
• Terrain
• Relative mobility
• Relative strength

108
ADDITIONAL TERMS

• TOTAL WAR A war conducted by a belligerent in
  which few restraints on means, objective,
  geographic area, or time are exercised and in
  which the involvement of all resources of the
  society are normally commited

109
THE END