The%20Reformation:%20Beyond%20Lutheranism

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The Reformation Beyond Lutheranism
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HRE Catholic vs. Protestant

• 1530 Diet of Augsburg Charles and Catholic
  princes rejected Lutheranism (Augsburg
  Confession)
• 1531 League of Schmalkalden formed by
  Protestant princes to defend themselves France
  ally
• Civil war ensued between Protestants in north and
  Catholics in South

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Victory, but Compromise

• 1546 Luther died in Eisleben
• 1547 Charles V defeated League, but practice of
  Lutheranism continued
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg German princes could
  choose religion of their domain Cuius regio,
  eius religio - whose the region, his the
  religion
• Permanently divided German states along religious
  lines helped prevent German unity until the
  1870s

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Other Religious Movements

• 1525 Anabaptists radical Protestant
  separatists refused secular oaths, paying
  taxes, holding office, serving in military
  separation of church and state
• Believed in adult baptism, rejected Holy Trinity,
  practiced polygamy
• 1534-35 Münster Rebellion radical Anabaptist
  sect took over city Protestants and Catholics
  joined forces to defeat rebels, executed leaders
• Influenced Mennonites, Quakers, and Unitarians

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John Calvin - Calvinism

• French humanist, lawyer, reformer (1509-1564)
• Influenced by Erasmus
• Exiled from France to Switzerland
• Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)

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Calvinism

• Pre-destination God already knew who would be
  saved or condemned nothing man can do to change
  that
• The Elect those that would be saved revealed
  to them by God through a conversion experience
  these visible saints served as model Christians
• By 1540, Geneva, Switzerland was a Calvinist
  theocracy, new center for Reformation, took in
  exiles from across Europe

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Calvinism

• Most militant and demanding new faith
• Consistory group of church elders power to
  punish for breaking laws
• No dancing, secular singing, gambling, drinking
• No other religions practiced
• Unitarian Michael Servetus fled Spain for Geneva
  1553 burned at stake for heresy

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Calvinism

• Protestant Work Ethic belief that hard work
  and financial success were signs that God was
  pleased
• Financial success meant one might be among the
  Elect
• Despite demanding requirements, Calvinism spread
  to other nations, had greater influence than
  Lutheranism

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Spread of Calvinism

• Scotland John Knox Presbyterian Church
  founded in 1560
• France Calvinist Huguenots appealed to
  nobility in France - brutally repressed by
  Catholic majority
• Netherlands Dutch Reformed Church led efforts
  to free Lowlands from Catholic Spain in 1580s
• England Puritans within Anglican Church 1640s
  overthrew, executed king

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English Reformation

• Henry VIII (b. 1491, r. 1509-1547) Tudor
  monarch
• Devout Catholic Defender of the Faith
• Needed son to continue dynasty, but wife
  Catherine of Aragon only gave him 1 daughter
• Wanted to annul marriage and marry again

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Henrys Break with the Church

• Pope refused Catherine was aunt of Charles V of
  HRE
• 1533 Henry banished Catherine, secretly married
  mistress Anne Boleyn, an educated courtier and
  Protestant
• 1534 Act of Supremacy declared English monarch
  to be head of Church of England (Anglican Church)

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Henry Moved Against the Church

• 1534 - Act of Succession all Kings subjects
  forced to take oath to recognize Anne as new
  queen, any children as legitimate heirs Sir
  Thomas More executed for refusing to take oath
• Henry ordered all Catholic lands seized for crown
  Church treasure seized and all monasteries
  closed later sold or given to nobles
• 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace multi-class uprising
  in northern England against kings actions over
  200 executed for role in rebellion

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Henrys Children

• Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) influenced by Reformed
  Protestants moved Anglican Church closer to
  Calvinism
• Early death led to crisis
• Mary I (r. 1553-1558) married to Philip II of
  Spain made England Catholic again persecution
  of Protestants led to nickname Bloody Mary (300
  executed)

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Elizabeth I

• Reigns 1558-1603 the Virgin Queen
• Brought C. of E. back toward Lutheranism
• Required all to attend Anglican services but
  tolerated Catholicism in private Elizabethan
  Settlement
• 1559 Book of Common Prayer

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Resistance to Elizabeth

• Puritans (Calvinist Anglicans) felt betrayed
  wanted to move C. of E. away from Catholic past
• Some Catholics plotted to assassinate her or
  urged invasion to place cousin Mary, Queen of
  Scots on throne
• Mary fled to England when overthrown in Scotland
  imprisoned for 19 years, eventually convicted and
  executed in 1587 for plotting to overthrow and
  replace Elizabeth

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European Religions, c. 1550
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