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Victims and Victimology

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Victims and Victimology Basic Questions/Data Gathering Effects of Victimization Theories of Victimization The Level and Cost of Victimization How do we know the ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Victims and Victimology


1
Victims and Victimology
  • Basic Questions/Data Gathering
  • Effects of Victimization
  • Theories of Victimization

2
The Level and Cost of Victimization
  • 37 million criminal
  • incidents (1996)
  • Including estimates of non-NCVS crimes, 49
    million
  • Cost 450 billion?

3
How do we know the cost of crime?
  • Tangible Costs
  • To Victim
  • To Society
  • Intangible Costs
  • To Victim
  • To Society

4
Estimating victim loss through jury awards
  • Looking only at cases that go to civil (tort)
    court
  • Are these a representative sample of complete
    and incomplete crime?
  • Think of the typical assault.
  • Is it worth 9,350?
  • PROBLEM use of this data to justify the expense
    of prison

5
Immediate Problems of Crime Victims
  • Financial Loss
  • Property
  • Wages
  • Medical Expenses
  • Physical and Emotional Pain

6
Post-Victimization Suffering
  • Double Victimization
  • Intensive questioning by police
  • What is going on in the case?
  • Property is often kept for a long time
  • Psychological Harm
  • Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, fear,
    antisocial behaviors

7
Where do Victimizations Take Place?
  • Urban areas (more than rural)
  • Certain neighborhoods (and areas within these
    neighborhoods)
  • Open, public areas and businesses

8
What Demographic Characteristics are Related to
Victimization?
  • Gender
  • Social Status
  • Marital Status
  • Age
  • Race/Ethnicity

9
Victim-Offender Relationships
  • Crime tends to be intra-racial rather than
    inter-racial
  • In violent crimes, the victim is at least well
    known to the offender in 40 of the cases.
  • Much less often in property cases

10
Theories of Victimization
  • Explain who gets victimized and/or why
  • Victim Precipitation theory
  • Lifestyle Theories
  • Routine Activities Theory

11
Victim Precipitation Theory
  • Active (e.g., take the first swing)
  • Rape?
  • Passive? (e.g., love triangle)
  • Difference between empirical documentation and
    normative statements
  • Empirical facts do not excuse or justify

12
Lifestyle Theories
  • All of these designed to explain the correlates
    of victimization
  • High Risk Lifestyle
  • Equivalent Group Hypothesis
  • Proximity Hypothesis

13
Routine Activities Theory
  • To predict direct predatory crime
  • The convergence in time and space of
  • Motivated Offenders
  • Suitable Targets
  • Lack of Capable Guardianship
  • Usually assume presence of offenders
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