Infection Control - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Infection Control

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Title: Infection Control


1
Infection Control
2
Overview
  • You will learn about
  • The chain of infection
  • Standard precautions and transmission-based
    precautions
  • Proper hand cleansing techniques
  • Sterile technique

3
What do you know about
  1. Infection control?
  2. Why is it important in health care facilities?

4
Lesson 1 Microorganisms
  • Microorganisms are small living bodies that are
    not visible to the naked eye.
  • Nonpathogens - maintain body processes
  • Pathogens cause infection and disease
  • Classes of microorganisms
  • Bacteria
  • Protozoa
  • Fungi
  • Viruses

5
Lesson 1 Bacteria
  • Bacteria are one-celled microorganisms that are
    classified by shape.
  • Spores are thick-walled cells created by bacteria
    to aid in reproduction and to make the bacteria
    resistant to harsh environments. Spores can
    result in serious illness.
  • Diseases - food poisoning, strep throat, tetanus,
    syphilis, and cholera

6
Lesson 1 Protozoa
  • Protozoa are the simplest organisms in the animal
    kingdom.
  • Most protozoa need moisture to survive, so they
    are often found in watery environments.
  • Diseases - malaria, dysentery, and African
    sleeping sickness

7
Lesson 1 Fungi
  • Fungi are plant-like microorganisms that can be
    found in the air, in soil, on plants, or in
    water.
  • There are thousands of types of fungi, including
    mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. Only about half of
    these types of fungi are pathogenic.
  • Diseases - athletes foot, ringworm, yeast
    infections, and thrush

8
Lesson 1 Viruses
  • Viruses are the smallest type of microorganism.
    They are made up of only a few molecules.
  • Viruses invade the cells of a living organism
    where they reproduce more viruses
  • Diseases - common cold, chicken pox, measles,
    herpes, hepatitis B and C, HIV, and AIDS

9
Lesson 2 Classification of Infections and
Diseases
  • Endogenous begins inside the body
  • Exogenous caused by something outside the body
  • Nosocomial acquired by an individual within a
    health care facility
  • Opportunistic occur when the bodys defenses
    are weak

10
Lesson 2 Infectious and Communicable Diseases
  • An infectious disease results from an invasion of
    microorganisms.
  • A communicable disease is a type of infectious
    disease that can be transmitted from one person
    to another person.
  • Not all infectious diseases are communicable.

11
Lesson 2 Chain of Infection
  • Causative agent
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host

12
Lesson 2 Mode of Transmission
  • Airborne Transmission
  • Bloodborne Transmission
  • Vectorborne Transmission
  • Sexual Transmission
  • Foodborne Transmission
  • Casual Contact

13
Lesson 3 Asepsis
  • Asepsis is a condition that is free of pathogens.
  • Maintaining asepsis in a health care facility is
    the primary way to prevent the spread of disease
    from person to person.
  • It works by breaking the chain of infection.

14
Lesson 3 Medical and Surgical Asepsis
  • Medical asepsis is maintaining a clean
    environment in order to reduce the number of
    pathogens. It is also called clean technique.
  • Surgical asepsis is maintaining a sterile field
    that is free from all microorganisms and spores.
    It is also known as sterile technique.

15
Lesson 3 Sterilizing
  • Sterilization is the highest level of asepsis.
  • Sterilization is a type of surgical asepsis that
    kills all microorganisms, including viruses and
    spores.
  • The most common piece of equipment used for
    sterilization is called an autoclave.

16
Lesson 3 Disinfecting
  • Disinfection is a type of medical asepsis that
    destroys most pathogens, but is not always
    effective on viruses and spores.
  • Common disinfectant solutions include chlorine
    and bleach. An object must soak in a disinfectant
    solution for at least 20 minutes to be properly
    disinfected.

17
Lesson 3 Cleaning
  • Cleaning is the lowest level of asepsis, and is
    also called sanitization.
  • The cleaning process does not require harsh
    chemicals to destroy pathogens, so cleaning can
    be used on people.
  • Antiseptic solutions such as iodine, betadine,
    and alcohol are often used in the cleaning
    process.

18
Lesson 4 Hand Washing
  • Hand washing is the most basic and important type
    of medical asepsis.
  • Hand washing is the number one way to prevent the
    spread of infection.

19
Lesson 4 Handwashing
  • When arriving at the health care facility and
    immediately before leaving the facility
  • Before and after every patient contact
  • Before and after a procedure
  • Before and after handling a specimen
  • Before and after touching the mouth
  • Before and after wearing gloves.
  • After contacting soiled or contaminated items
  • After picking up any item from the floor
  • After using the bathroom
  • After coughing, sneezing, or using a tissue

20
Lesson 4 Handwashing
  • Use liquid soap
  • Use warm water
  • Rub hands together firmly
  • Clean all surfaces of the hands
  • Keep fingers pointed downward
  • Wash for at least 15 to 20 seconds
  • Use only dry paper towels to dry hands

21
Lesson 7 Standard Precautions
  • The Center for Disease Control and Prevention
    developed a list of standard precautions that
    should be used for all patients, regardless of
    their type of illness.
  • Two reasons for standard precautions
  • To protect health care workers
  • To protect patients

22
Lesson 7 Standard Precautions for Patient
Contact
  • Use appropriate personal protective equipment
  • Wash hands frequently
  • Bandage cuts properly
  • Use face shields during CPR

23
Lesson 7 Precautions for Environmental
Cleanliness
  • Place sharps in puncture-proof biohazardous waste
    containers
  • Clean up spills immediately
  • Discard infectious waste in biohazardous waste
    bags
  • Place contaminated linens in biohazardous laundry
    bags

24
Lesson 8 Gowns
  • Gowns should be worn when using chemical
    solutions and during procedures where splashing
    or spraying of blood and bodily fluid is likely.
  • Disposable gowns should be placed into
    biohazardous waste containers after use.
  • Non-disposable gowns may be placed into
    biohazardous linens bags.

25
Lesson 9 Masks and Eyewear
  • Masks and eyewear must be worn for procedures
    that may produce splashes or sprays of blood or
    bodily fluid.
  • Masks should be worn once and then discarded into
    biohazardous waste containers.
  • Eyewear is often reusable. However, it must be
    cleaned and disinfected before reuse.

26
Lesson 10 Non-Sterile Gloves
  • Non-sterile gloves should be worn when contacting
    blood or other bodily fluids and when handling or
    cleaning contaminated items.
  • The same pair of gloves should never be worn in
    more than one procedure.
  • Wearing gloves should never replace washing
    hands.

27
Lesson 12 Communicable Diseases
  • A communicable disease is a type of infectious
    disease that can be transmitted from one person
    to another person.
  • Some communicable diseases are spread through
    direct contact. Others may be spread through
    indirect contact.

28
Lesson 12 Transmission of Communicable Diseases
  • Not all communicable diseases are transmitted the
    same way.
  • There are many different types of communicable
    diseases, and health care workers must become
    familiar with the mode of transmission for each
    disease.

29
Lesson 12 Transmission-Based Precautions
  • Transmission-based precautions are used only with
    patients who have been diagnosed with highly
    communicable diseases.
  • Three types
  • Airborne
  • Droplet
  • Contact

30
Lesson 12 Airborne Precautions
  • Airborne precautions are used for patients with
    disease that are spread through tiny airborne
    droplets.
  • Precautions
  • Isolation room
  • Respiratory protection
  • Negative pressure
  • Examples of diseases
  • Tuberculosis
  • Chicken pox

31
Lesson 12 Droplet Precautions
  • Droplet precautions are used for patients with
    diseases that are spread through large airborne
    droplets.
  • Precautions
  • Isolation room
  • Standard surgical masks
  • Examples of diseases
  • Pneumonia
  • Influenza
  • Whooping cough

32
Lesson 12 Contact Precautions
  • Contact precautions are used for patients with
    diseases that are spread through direct and
    indirect contact.
  • Precautions
  • Isolation room
  • Gowns and gloves
  • Equipment precautions
  • Examples of diseases
  • MRSA
  • VRE

33
Lesson 13 Transmission-Based Garments
  • When health care workers enter isolation rooms,
    they must wear transmission-based garments.
  • Health care workers must wear appropriate
    garments based on the disease of the patient.

34
Lesson 13 Protective Garments
  • Order for donning PPE
  • Gown
  • Mask
  • Eyewear
  • Gloves
  • Order for removing PPE
  • Gloves
  • Eyewear
  • Gown
  • Mask
  • Always cleanse hands before donning the items and
    immediately after removing them.
  • Health care workers must not touch the outer
    surface of any protective garments.

35
Lesson 14 Isolation Units
  • Patients with communicable diseases are often
    placed into private rooms for isolation.
  • This practice helps prevent the spread of
    communicable diseases to health care workers and
    other patients.

36
Lesson 14 Meals in an Isolation Unit
  • Most facilities require that disposable food
    trays and eating utensils are used in isolation
    units.
  • Leftover food and beverages should never be taken
    out of an isolation unit. Liquids and soft foods
    should be flushed down the toilet. Solid foods
    should be placed in biohazardous waste bags.

37
Lesson 14 Working in an Isolation Unit
  • Most of the procedures that take place in
    isolation units require two health care workers.
  • Items that are taken from isolation rooms are
    double-bagged to prevent the spread of dangerous
    pathogens.

38
Questions
  1. What risks do you take by not wearing gloves?
  2. What situations do you need to remember to wear
    PPE?
  3. How does forgetting to put gloves on affect your
    patients confidence in her as a medical
    professional?

39
Lesson 16 Sterile Technique
  • Sterile technique, also called surgical asepsis,
    is maintaining an area that is free from all
    microorganisms
  • Sterile technique must be practiced for all
    invasive procedures to protect patients from
    infection.
  • To maintain a sterile area, only sterile items
    may touch other sterile items.

40
Lesson 16 Sterile Fields
  • Sterile fields are areas that are set up for
    procedures and are free from microorganisms.
  • A sterile field is usually a tray covered with a
    small sterile towel. The tray contains equipment
    and supplies for a specific procedure.

41
Lesson 16 Working with Sterile Fields
  • Create sterile field in a clean, uncluttered area
  • Never reach across a sterile field
  • Keep your eyes on a sterile field at all times
  • Keep the sterile field dry
  • Create the sterile field again if you suspect
    that it has become contaminated

42
Lesson 16 Sterile Packages
  • Most of the items used to create a sterile field
    are pre-packaged in sterile wraps.
  • A sterile package must be opened with care. The
    outside of the package is considered
    contaminated, but the inside is sterile.
  • Only sterile items, such as a sterile transfer
    forceps, may touch the inside of a sterile
    package.

43
Lesson 17 Sterile Glove
  • Sterile gloves are a key tool in maintaining a
    sterile field.
  • Sterile gloves should be worn whenever health
    care workers treat an open wound, perform an
    invasive procedure, or apply a dressing.

44
Reflect Unit Questions
  1. The common cold is a virus. Beginning with the
    causative agent, explain how the cold could be
    passed from one person to another through the
    chain.
  2. Describe how you would decide which level of
    asepsis is needed for a piece of equipment and
    how each level of asepsis could be attained.
  3. In what work situations should a health care
    worker wash their hands? What are some ways that
    you can apply proper hand washing hygiene outside
    of work?
  4. Identify the standard precautions that should be
    applied if you must change the bandage of a
    patient with a seeping wound. What precautions
    should you take to clean up blood from an
    examination room?

45
Reflect Key Questions
  1. What is infection control?
  2. Why is infection control important in health care
    facilities?

46
Reinforce Project
  • Microorganisms Experiment
  • You will use Petri dishes to observe the growth
    of microorganisms.
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