Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949

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Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949
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The Stalin Revolution Five Year Plans

• humble origins
• visionary
• skillful administrator
• rose within the Communist Party
• eliminated Leon Trotsky and all rivals
• Ruthlessly Industrialized the Soviet Union

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The Stalin Revolution Five Year Plans

• Oct 1928, Stalin devised series of Five-Year
  Plans
• Centralized state control over economy
• Industrialization achieved extremely rapidly
• No concern for environment

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Collectivism of Agriculture

• Peasants forced to pay for the investments
  required by the Five-Year Plans
• Provided labor food for new industrial workers
• Small farms became large collectives
• Supplied government with fixed amount of food,
  then distributed what was left to their members

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Collectivism of Agriculture

• Collectivism tried to organize peasants into
  industrial way of life bring them under
  government control
• violently suppressed the better-off peasants (the
  kulaks)
• disrupted agricultural production
• Caused famine-killed 5 million after bad harvests
  of 1933-34

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Collectivism of Agriculture

• Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) was intended to
  increase output of consumer goods
• Fear of Nazi regime caused Stalin to shift
  emphasis to heavy industries armaments
• Consumer goods became scarce food rationed

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Terror and Opportunities

• Industrialization/collectivization could only be
  carried out with threats force
• NKVD (secret police) created climate of terror
• SU industrialized faster than any other country
• Stalinism created new opportunities
• for women to join the work force
• for obedient unquestioning people to rise within
  the ranks of the Communist Part, the military,
  the government, or their professions

One of the goals of collectivization was to
introduce modern farm machinery. This poster
shows delighted farmers operating new tractors
and threshers.
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• In late 1930s, the contrast between the economic
  strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression
  troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the
  impression that Stalins planned economy was a
  success

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The DepressionEconomic Crisis

• consumers cut their purchases
• companies laid off workers
• small farms failed
• N.Y. banks recalled loans to Germany Austria
• They couldnt pay reparations to France and
  Britain
• France Britain then couldnt repay their war
  loans to the U.S.
• In 1930, the U.S. passed the Smoot-Hawley tariff
  act
• Other countries followed suit
• world trade declined by 62 between 1929 and 1932

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Depression in Industrial Nations

• France and Britain escaped the worst of the
  Depression by forcing their colonies to purchase
  their products
• Japan and Germany suffered much more because they
  relied on exports to pay for imports of food and
  fuel
• In the U.S., Britain, and France, governments
  tried to stimulate their economies with Programs
  like the New Deal
• Germany and Japan devoted their economies to
  military build-up
• hoped to acquire empires large enough to support
  self-sufficient economies

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Depression in Non-industrialized Regions

• The Depression spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin
  America unevenly.
• India and China were not dependent on foreign
  trade and thus were little affected.
• Countries that depended on exports of raw
  materials or on tourism were devastated.
• In Latin America, the Depression led to the
  establishment of military dictatorships that
  tried to solve economic problems by imposing
  authoritarian control over their economies.
• Southern Africa boomed during the 1930s.
• The increasing value of gold and the relatively
  cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia and
  the Belgian Congo led to a mining boom that
  benefited European and South African mine owners.

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The Rise of FascismMussolinis Italy

• In postwar Italy, thousands of unemployed
  veterans violent youths demanded action,
  intimidated politicians, served as strong-arm
  men for factory property owners
• Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became
  leader of the Fascist Party
• forced government to appoint him prime minister

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The Rise of FascismMussolinis Italy

• Mussolini installed Fascists to all government
  jobs crushed opposition
• excelled at propaganda and glorified war
• foreign policy was cautious
• Italian Fascist movement imitated in most of
  Europe, Latin America, China, Japan

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Hitlers Germany

• Germany was hard-hit by
• defeat in WWI
• hyperinflation of 1923
• Depression
• blamed socialists, Jews, foreigners
• became leader of the National Socialist German
  Workers Party (Nazis)
• led unsuccessful uprising in Munich in 1924
• In 1925, published Mein Kampf
• his racial theories
• his aspirations for Germany
• proposal to eliminate all Jews from Europe

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Hitlers Germany

• Nazis gained support from the unemployed and from
  property owners
• Hitler assumed the post of chancellor in March
  1933 and assumed dictatorial power
• declared himself Fuhrer of the Third Reich in
  August 1934
• Hitlers economic and social policies were
  effective
• led to an economic boom, low unemployment, and
  rising standards of living
• Public Works Contracts
• Military Build-up
• Women encouraged to give up their jobs to men

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The Road to War, 1933-1939

• Hitlers goal was territorial conquest
• Built up military
• Tested the reactions of other powers by
• withdrew from the League of Nations
• introduced conscription
• established an air force
• Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, and Hitler sent
  ground troops into the Rhineland in 1936

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The Road to War, 1933-1939

• No serious objections from France, Britain, or
  U.S. Hitler invaded Austria in 1938 and demanded
  German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia

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Why was the response to Hitler so weak?

• Appeasement
• Fear of war
• Feared communism more than Germany
• Believed Hitler could be trusted

Munich Agreement Neville Chamberlain, Joachim
von Ribbentrop, Edouard Daladier, Adolf Hitler,
Benito Mussolini, Galeazzo Ciano
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After Munich?

• Hitler could not be stopped short of war
• March,1939, invaded Czechoslovakia
• Inspired France and Britain to ask for Soviet
  help
• Hitler Stalin were already negotiating the
  Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Divided Poland between them

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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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East-Asia, 1931-1945 The Manchurian Incident of
1931

• Ultranationalists believed Japan could end
  dependence on foreign trade if it had a colonial
  empire in China
• Junior officers blew up a railway in Manchuria
• Excuse for invasion
• Built heavy industries railways sped up
  rearmament
• At home, government became more authoritarian and
  militaristic

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Chinese Communists and the Long March

• Challenge to Chiang-Kai shek came from Communist
  Party
• Chiang arrested and executed Communists, forcing
  those who survived to flee to the remote
  mountains
• Guerilla warfare policies that won the support
  of the peasants
• Forced them to Shaanxi in 1935

http//users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/longmarc.gi
f
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Mao Zedong1893-1976

• Farmers son
• Deviated from traditional Marxist-Leninists
• Redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor
  peasants to gain peasant rather than industrial
  worker support for a social revolution
• Advocate of womens equality
• Party reserved leadership positions for men, (for
  warfare)

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Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945

• July 7, 1937, Japanese troops attacked Chinese
  forces near Beijing
• Then they launched a full invasion of China
• U.S and the League of Nations made no efforts to
  stop the Japanese invasion
• Chinese troops were poorly led and trained
• Unable to prevent Japan from controlling the
  coastal provinces