The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management within the New York City Watershed

1
The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management
within the New York City Watershed

• Elizabeth Walker, MPH student
• Walden University
• PUBH 6165-2
• Instructor Dr. Howard Rubin
• Spring, 2011

2
IntroductionEnvironmental Health Importance

• Dairy Calves
• Water sources
• New York City

3
Water Facts

• Water on Earth
• Illnesses by water
• World-wide
• United States

Jongo News, 2007
Moeller, 2005 Circle of Blue, 2009
4
History of the Watershed
Croton Watershed, 1842 Filtered
Catskill/Delaware system, 1907 Treated, unfiltered
Cheeseman, 2011
Nicole, 2011
Watershed Agricultural Council WAC,
2010a,b Environmental Protection Agency EPA,
2010
USEPA, 2010 Catskill Watershed Corporation, 2005
5
Regulations

• Safe Drinking Water Act, 1986
• Surface Water Treatment Rule,1989

Southern Nevada Water Authority, 2011
USEPA, 2010 NYC Department of Environmental
Protection DEP, 2011
6
Watershed Agricultural Programs

• Whole Farm Planning
• Nutrient Management
• Youngstock Pathogen Management

WAC, 2010b
7
Dairy Calf Health Biosecurity
Kansas State University, 2003
8
General Calf Health

• Calf immunity
• Common diseases
• Early health

Squash Blossom Farm, 2009
Penn State University PSU, 2008 Cornell
University, 2011d
9
Factors Affecting Calf Health

• Calving area
• Feeding
• Weaning
• Farm pathogen load

• Housing
• Environment
• Stress
• Cattle Health Assurance Program

10
Simple Mitigation Strategies Benefits

• For Factors Affecting Calf Health

11
Calving Area/Maternity Pen

• Clean dry
• Fresh bedding
• No other animals

Land O Lakes, 2010
EPA, 2005
12
First Feeding After Birth

• Antibody uptake
• First Hour of Birth
• Quality of colostrum

Mallories Dairy, Inc., 2010
Land O Lakes, 2010 PSU, 2008
13
Feeding After Birth

• Colostrum from other cows
• Further feeding

• Effect on milk yield

Land O Lakes, 2010 Cornell University, 2011b,c,d
University of Minnesota Extension, 2011 Sirois,
2004
14
Housing

• Individual structures
• Ventilation
• Draft-free
• Comfortable

Hilson Westenbroek, 2003b Starkey, et al., 2006
UK Agriculture, 2011 Curtis, et al, 1988
15
Environment Stress

• Microenvironment (Farm)
• Hygiene
• Bedding
• Routine tasks

• Macroenvironment (Nature)
• NYS seasons
• Flooding

STRESS!
16
Time of Weaning the Calf

• Wean from mother
• Wean from milk and housing

Land O Lakes, 2010 Hilson Westenbroek, 2003a
17
NYSCHAP

• New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program
• Free service
• Risk-assessment
• Herd Plan

NYSCHAP, 2009
Cornell University, 2011a
18
Other Strategies

• Iodine
• Chores
• Vaccinations
• Record Keeping

Land O Lakes, 2010
Welsh Lamb and Beef Producers, 2009
19
Diseases and Pathogens of Interest
Growing Notes, 2003
20
Gastrointestinal (GI) Pathogens

• Virus
• Rota-virus
• Corona-virus

• Bacteria
• E.coli
• Clostridium
• Salmonella
• Parasites
• Cryptosporidia
• Giardia

Land O Lakes, 2010
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011
21
Mammary/Milk Transmitted Pathogens

• Bacteria
• Salmonella
• Infectious Mastitis
• Mycoplasma Bovis (pneumonia)
• Virus
• Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
• Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV)

22
Human ThreatsZoonoses

• E.coli
• Salmonella
• Cryptosporidia
• Giardia

University of California, Davis, 1995
Traders City, 2009
23
NYC Watershed Interest

• Cryptosporidia

• Giardia

University of California, Davis, 1995 Collick, et
al., 2006 Mark-Carew, et al., 2010
Gonzalez, 2002 Caduceus Newsletter, 2004
24
Summary of Benefits

• Farms, Animals, Environment,
• People

25
Farms

Stress Immunity
Pathogen Transfer Early health
Calf mortality Productivity of the animal
INCREASE
DECREASE
Cornell University, 2011d
26
Animals

• Farm animals
• Pets
• Wildlife

Halliburton Farms, 2006
27
Environment

• Manure spreading
• Pathogen runoff
• Wildlife

Free George, 2011
28
People

Pathogen transfer Clean water
Pathogen infection Survivability
Water-borne disease Appreciation of farm efforts
DECREASE
INCREASE
DEP, 2011
29
Conclusion

• MANAGEMENT
• Record keeping
• Recognition
• Suggestions
• Farm efforts

Walker, 2010b
30
Questions
Penn State University, 2007
31
Local Resources

• Cornell Cooperative Extension of Delaware County
• Website http//www.ccedelaware.org/Home.aspx
• Telephone [phone]
• Delaware County Soil and Water Conservation
  District
• Website http//www.dcswcd.org/
• Telephone [phone]
• New York City Department of Environmental
  Protection
• Website http//www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/home/hom
  e.shtml

32
Additional Resources

• New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program
• http//nyschap.vet.cornell.edu/
• United States Department of Agriculture
• Animal Disease Traceability http//www.aphis.usda
  .gov/traceability/
• Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians
• Author Dennis M. McCurnin
• Penn State University Cooperative Extension
• http//extension.psu.edu/production-agriculture/da
  iry

33
References

• Catskill Watershed Corporation. (2005). A brief
  history. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from
  http//cwconline.org/about/ab_hist.html.
• Circle of Blue. (2009). Infographic Ten things
  you should know about water. Retrieved on April
  12, 2011 from http//www.circleofblue.org/waterne
  ws/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/waterinfo.pdf.
• Collick, A.S., Fogarty, E.A., Ziegler, P.E.,
  Walter, M.T., Bowman, D.D., and T. S. Steenhuis.
  (2006). Survival of cryptosporidium parvum
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• Cornell University. (2011a, February). Healthy
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• Cornell University. (2011d). Taking the long
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• Curtis, C.R., Scarlett, J.M., Erb, H.N., White,
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• Hilson, J., T. Westenbroek. (2003a). Day one-
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• Land O Lakes. (2010). Biosecurity in calf
  management.
• Mark-Carew, M.P., Khan, Y., Wade, S.E., Schaaf,
  S. H.O. Mohammed. (2010). Incidence of and
  risks associated with Giardia infections in
  herds on dairy farms in the New York City
  Watershed. ACTA Veterinaria Scandinavica,
  52(44), p.1-8.

34
References

• Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental health (3rd
  ed.). Boston Harvard University Press.
• New York City Department of Environmental
  Protection NYCDEP. (2011). Regulatory
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  ion/regulatory_background.shtml
• Pennsylvania State University. (2008). Calf
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  on/dairy/capitalregion/newsletter/articles/df-2007
  11-04
• Sirois, M. (2004). Principles and practice of
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  Mosby, Inc.
• Starkey, S.R., Kimber, K.R., Wade, S.E., Schaaf,
  S.L., White, M.E., H.O. Mohammed. (2006). Risk
  factors associated with Cryptosporidium
  infection on dairy farms in a New York State
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• United States Environmental Protection Agency
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• University of California, Davis. (1995).
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• Watershed Agricultural council WAC. (2010a).
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• WAC. (2010b). Watershed agricultural program 2009
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  City Catskill/Delaware and Croton Watersheds.
  Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from
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  ortCompressed.pdf.

35
Image References

• Caduceus Newsletter. (2004). Cryptosporidium.
  Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from
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• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC.
  (2011). Clostridium perfringens. Retrieved on
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• Cheeseman, J. (2011). Croton lake gate house. New
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• Gonzalez, A. (2002). Giardia lamblia and
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  http//www.sierranaturenotes.com/naturenotes/Giard
  ia.htm
• Growing Notes. (2003). E.coli. Retrieved on April
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  m
• Halliburton Farms. (2006). Getting to youre your
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• Kansas State University. (2003). Integrating
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• Mallories Dairy, Inc. (2010). Retrieved on April
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  tour.htm.
• Nicole, C. (2011). Rainbow over the east basin of
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  ershed_protection/index.shtml.

36
Image References

• NYSCHAP. (2009). Logo. Retrieved on April 24,
  2011 from http//nyschap.vet.cornell.edu/module/le
  ukosis/section1/leukosis1.asp.
• Penn State University. (2007). Calf management
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  n/dairy/dairy-digest/articles/dd200712-04
• Southern Nevada Water Authority. (2011). Safe
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• Squash Blossom Farm. (2009). Jersey Calves.
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• UK Agriculture. (2011). http//www.ukagriculture.c
  om/livestock/calf_housing_health.cfm
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  iculture/ag101/printdairy.html.

37
Image References

• Walker, E. (2005). Feeding dairy calves.
• Walker, E. (2010). Riverdale barn.
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