Inorganic chemical nomenclature (textbook: 12 - 25)

1
Inorganic chemical nomenclature(textbook 12 -
25)
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Noble gases
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Alkali metals
Halogens
NONMETALS
SEMIMETALS
METALS
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• Electronegativity
• Oxidation state (oxidation number)
• Valence
• Ionic charge - "real electric charge"
• cations Na Ca2
  Al3 anions Cl- SO42-

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Chemical formulas

• We have several types of formulas
• (according to the information they contain)
• 1) Empirical formula
• 2) Molecular formula
• 3) "Condensed formula"
• 4) Structural formula
• 5) Structural formula showing unshared electrons

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• 1) EMPIRICAL
• - relative number of each type of atom (ratio
  of the elements)
• - e.g. H2SO4 Al2O3 CH2O
• 2) MOLECULAR
• - real number of atoms in the molecule
• - e.g. H2SO4 Al2O3 C6H12O6
• 3) "CONDENSED" (functional groups)
• - characteristic groups of atoms
  (functional groups)
• - e.g. Mg(OH)2 (NH4)2SO4 K4Fe(CN)6

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• 4) STRUCTURAL
• - types and arrangement of bonds between
  atoms
• 5) STRUCTURAL with unshared electrons
• - shows also unshared
  (non-bonding) electron pairs

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Latin nomenclature (INN)

• INN International Nonproprietary Names

- intended to be used worldwide for the
identification of a given pharmaceutical
substance - free of any protection of rights of
ownership - recommendations come from World
Health Organization (WHO)
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"Drug names"
TRADE NAME - registered to pharmaceutical
company - protection of rights of
ownership CHEMICAL NAME - long,
difficult GENERIC NAME (INN) "free"
e.g. simvastatinum - trade names in the
Czech republic Zocor, Simgal, Simvor,
Vasilip, Simvastatin AL, APO-Simva, ...
... - statinum ? drug for lowering
cholesterol
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Symbols of chemical elements
- derived from LATIN name K Kalium N Nitrogeniu
m Na Natrium B Borum Br Bromum Ag Argentum A
r Argonum As Arsenum
English name - - - gt symbol ?
Le
Pb
lead
L
Plumbum
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Trip to linguistics (morphology)
PREFIX STEM of the word SUFFIX
(ending) hypo - chlor - ate
1. nominative Natrium 2. genitive Natrii 3.
dative Natrio 4. accusative Natrium 5.
vocative Natrium 6. ablative Natrio
Latin is a highly inflected language. nouns -
six cases - many declensions
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Genitive forms
element names - usual ending - UM Lithium,
Ferrum, Cuprum, Calcium genitive form - I
Lithii, Ferri, Cupri, Calcii
Plumbum - - gt Plumbi Natrium - -
gt Natrii
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Elements with different names in English and in
Latin !!!

• Sb antimony Stibium
• Cu copper Cuprum
• Au gold Aurum
• Fe iron Ferrum
• Pb lead Plumbum
• Hg mercury Hydrargyrum
• Ni nickel Niccolum
• K potassium Kalium
• Si silicon Silicium
• Ag silver Argentum
• Na sodium Natrium
• Sn tin Stannum
• W tungsten Wolframium

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• Numerical prefixes
• 1 mono 11 undeca
• 2 di 12 dodeca
• 3 tri 13 trideca
• 4 tetra
• 5 penta 20 eicosa
• 6 hexa 100 hecta
• 7 hepta
• 8 octa 1/2 hemi
• 9 nona 3/2 sesqui
• 10 deca

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Names of oxides

• 1) Oxides of NONMETALS - numerical
  prefixes
• CO carbon monoxide
• CO2 carbon dioxide
• SO2 sulfur dioxide
• SO3 sulfur trioxide
• As2O3 diarsenic trioxide
• As2O5 diarsenic pentoxide

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Names of oxides

• 1) Oxides of METALS
• Only one oxid. state CaO calcium oxide
• Al2O3 aluminum oxide
• More oxid. states FeO iron (II) oxide
• Fe2O3 iron (III) oxide

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Names of oxides (INN)

• Genitive form of the name for the element
  OXIDUM
• (numerical prefixes are employed)
• K2O Dikalii oxidum
• CaO Calcii oxidum
• Al2O3 Dialuminii trioxidum
• SnO2 Stanni dioxidum
• Sb2O5 Distibii pentaoxidum
• SO3 Sulfuris trioxidum ! ( sulfur, -is ) 3rd
  decl.

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Names of peroxides

• element PEROXIDE
• H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
• Na2O2 sodium peroxide
• BaO2 barium peroxide

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Names of peroxides (INN)

• Genitive form of the name for the element
  PEROXIDUM
• H2O2 Hydrogenii peroxidum
• Na2O2 Natrii peroxidum
• BaO2 Barii peroxidum

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Names of hydroxides

• element HYDROXIDE
• ( if element forms more hydroxides specify it
  ! )
• NaOH sodium hydroxide
• Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
• Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide
• Fe(OH)2 iron (II) hydroxide
• Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide

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Names of hydroxides (INN)

• Genitive form of the name for element
  HYDROXIDUM
• ( numerical prefix if element forms more
  hydroxides )
• NaOH Natrii hydroxidum
• Ca(OH)2 Calcii hydroxidum
• Mg(OH)2 Magnesii hydroxidum
• Fe(OH)2 Ferri dihydroxidum
• Fe(OH)3 Ferri trihydroxidum

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Names of acids

• 1. Acids not containing oxygen ("binary acids")
• HYDRO.... -IC ACID or HYDROGEN
  .... -IDE
• HF hydrofluoric acid
• HCl hydrochloric acid
• HBr hydrobromic acid
• HI hydroiodic acid
• H2S hydrogen sulfide
• HCN hydrogen cyanide

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• 2. Oxyacids
• How many oxyacids can the element form ?
• a) only one .... -IC ACID
• H2CO3 carbonic acid
• H3BO3 boric acid
• H2SiO3 silicic acid
• H2MoO4 molybdic acid !!!

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• a) two
• Lower oxidation n. .... -OUS ACID
• Higher oxidation n. .... -IC ACID
• H2SO3 sulfurous acid
• H2SO4 sulfuric acid
• HNO2 nitrous acid
• HNO3 nitric acid
• H3PO3 phosphorous acid
• H3PO4 phosphoric acid

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• a) more than two the halogens Cl, Br, I
• HClO hypochlorous acid
• HClO2 chlorous acid
• HClO3 chloric acid
• HClO4 perchloric acid
• The same way "traditional"
• H2MnO4 manganic acid
• HMnO4 permanganic acid

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Names of acids (INN)

• 1. Acids not containing oxygen ("binary acids")
• ACIDUM HYDRO -ICUM
• HF Acidum hydrofluoricum
• HCl Acidum hydrochloricum
• HBr Acidum hydrobromicum
• HI Acidum hydroiodicum
• H2S Acidum hydrosulfuricum
• HCN Acidum hydrocyanicum

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• 2. Oxyacids
• How many oxyacids can the element form ?
• a) only one ACIDUM -ICUM
• H2CO3 Acidum carbonicum
• H3BO3 Acidum boricum
• H2SiO3 Acidum silicicum
• H2MoO4 Acidum molybdaenicum

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• a) two
• Lower oxidation n. ACIDUM -OSUM
• Higher oxidation n. ACIDUM -ICUM
• H2SO3 Acidum sulfurosum
• H2SO4 Acidum sulfuricum
• HNO2 Acidum nitrosum
• HNO3 Acidum nitricum
• H3PO3 Acidum phosphorosum
• H3PO4 Acidum phosphoricum

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• a) more than two the halogens Cl, Br, I
• HClO Acidum hypochlorosum
• HClO2 Acidum chlorosum
• HClO3 Acidum chloricum
• HClO4 Acidum hyperchloricum
• ( perchloricum )
• The same way "traditional"
• H2MnO4 Acidum manganicum
• HMnO4 Acidum hypermanganicum

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Names of salts

• 1. Salts of binary acids (acids not containing
  oxygen)
• cation - IDE
• more oxidation states of cation specify it !
  e.g. iron (II)
• NaCl sodium chloride
• AgI silver iodide
• KCN potassium cyanide
• ZnS zinc sulfide

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• Common elements with two oxidation states in
  cations
• FeII iron (II) ferrous FeIII iron
  (III) ferric
• CuI copper (I) cuprous CuII copper
  (II) cupric
• HgI mercury (I) mercurous HgII mercury
  (II) mercuric
• AuI gold (I) AuIII gold (III)
• SnII tin (II) stannous SnIV tin (IV)
  stannic
• TlI thallium (I) TlIII thallium
  (III)
• PbII lead (II) plumbous PbIV lead (IV)
  plumbic

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• Salts of elements with more oxidation states
• FeCl2 iron (II) chloride
• FeCl3 iron (III) chloride
• CuI copper (I) iodide
• CuI2 copper (II) iodide
• Hg2Cl2 mercury (I) chloride
• HgCl2 mercury (II) chloride

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• 2. Salts of oxyacids
• cation -ATE ( if
  acid -ic )
• - ITE ( if acid -ous )
• according to acid also HYPO- PER-
• Na2CO3 sodium carbonate
• K2SO3 potassium sulfite
• NaClO sodium hypochlorite
• FeSO4 iron (II) sulfate
• NH4BrO2 Ammonium bromite

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Names of salts (INN)

• 1. Salts of binary acids (acids not containing
  oxygen)
• genitive form of the cation - IDUM
• more oxidation states of cation lower
  -osi
• higher -i
• NaCl Natrii chloridum
• AgI Argenti iodidum
• KCN Kalii cyanidum
• ZnS Zinci sulfuridum !!!

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• Common elements with two oxidation states in
  cations
• FeII Ferrosi FeIII Ferri
• CuI Cuprosi CuII Cupri
• HgI Hydrargyrosi HgII Hydrargyri
• AuI Aurosi AuIII Auri
• SnII Stannosi SnIV Stanni
• TlI Thallosi TlIII Thallii

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• Salts of elements with more oxidation states
• FeCl2 Ferrosi chloridum
• FeCl3 Ferri chloridum
• CuI Cuprosi iodidum
• CuI2 Cupri iodidum
• Hg2Cl2 Hydrargyrosi chloridum
• HgCl2 Hydrargyri chloridum

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• 2. Salts of oxyacids
• cation in genitive -AS ( if acid
  -icum )
• ( -osi, -i ) - IS ( if acid
  -osum )
• according to acid also HYPO- HYPER-
• Na2CO3 Natrii carbonas
• K2SO3 Kalii sulfis
• NaClO Natrii hypochloris
• FeSO4 Ferrosi sulfas
• NH4BrO2 Ammonii bromis

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Names of hydrogensalts

• HYDROGEN
• (numerical prefix if
  needed)
• NaHS sodium hydrogen sulfide
• NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate
• KHSO3 potassium hydrogen sulfite
• Na3PO4 sodium phosphate
• Na2HPO4 sodium hydrogen phosphate
• NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate

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Names of hydrogensalts (INN)

• prefix HYDROGENO-
• (numerical prefix if
  needed)
• NaHS Natrii hydrogenosulfuridum
• NaHCO3 Natrii hydrogenocarbonas
• KHSO3 Kalii hydrogenosulfis
• Na3PO4 Natrii phosphas
• Na2HPO4 Natrii hydrogenophosphas
• NaH2PO4 Natrii dihydrogenophosphas

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Names of basic salts

• Mg(OH)Cl Magnesium chloride hydroxide
• Cd(OH)I Cadmium iodide hydroxide
• Al(OH)CO3 Aluminum carbonate hydroxide

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Names of basic salts (INN)

• prefix SUB-
• Mg(OH)Cl Magnesii subchloridum
• Cd(OH)I Cadmii subiodidum
• Al(OH)CO3 Aluminii subcarbonas

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Names of hydrates

• .. HYDRATE
• numerical prefix
• CuSO4 . 5 H2O copper (II) sulfate
  pentahydrate
• MgCl2 . 6 H2O magnesium chloride
  hexahydrate
• CaSO4 . 1/2 H2O calcium sulfate hemihydrate
• anhydrous (Only if you want to
  point out this.)
• Na2CO3 sodium carbonate anhydrous

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Names of hydrates (INN)

• .. HYDRICUS ( -UM)
• numerical prefix
• CuSO4 . 5 H2O Cupri sulfas pentahydricus
• MgCl2 . 6 H2O Magnesii chloridum
  hexahydricum
• CaSO4 . 1/2 H2O Calcii sulfas hemihydricus
• anhydrous (Only if you want to
  point out this.)
• Na2CO3 Natrii carbonas anhydricus

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Names of polyacids and their salts

• (Number of central atoms is expressed by
  numerical prefix)
• H2B4O7 tetraboric acid
• Na2B4O7 sodium tetraborate
• H2Cr2O7 dichromic acid
• K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate

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Names of polyacids and their salts (INN)

• (Number of central atoms is expressed by
  numerical prefix)
• H2B4O7 Acidum tetraboricum
• Na2B4O7 Natrii tetraboras
• H2Cr2O7 Acidum dichromicum
• K2Cr2O7 Kalii dichromas

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"Functional replacement" derivatives of oxyacids

• Peroxyacids
• -O-H group replaced by -O-O-H
• (HOO)NO2 peroxynitric acid
• (HOO)2CO diperoxycarbonic acid
• Thioacids
• oxygen is replaced by sulfur
  ( -O-H replaced by -S-H )
• O replaced by S
• H2S2O3 thiosulfuric acid
• H2CS3 trithiocarbonic acid

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"Functional replacement" derivatives of oxyacids
(INN)

• Peroxyacids
• -O-H group replaced by -O-O-H
• (HOO)NO2 Acidum peroxonitricum
• (HOO)2CO Acidum diperoxocarbonicum
• Thioacids
• oxygen is replaced by sulfur
  ( -O-H replaced by -S-H )
• O replaced by S
• H2S2O3 Acidum thiosulfuricum
• H2CS3 Acidum trithiocarbonicum

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Double salts

• (salts containing more than one cation or
  anion)
• AlK(SO4)2 Aluminum potassium sulfate
• CaMg(CO3)2 Calcium magnesium carbonate
• ZnBrF Zinc bromide fluoride
• Cu3(CO3)2F2 Copper (II) carbonate fluoride

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Double salts (INN)

• (salts containing more than one cation or
  anion)
• AlK(SO4)2 Aluminii kalii sulfas
• CaMg(CO3)2 Calcii magnesii carbonas
• ZnBrF Zinci bromidum fluoridum
• Cu3(CO3)2F2 Cupri carbonas fluoridum