PERSUASION

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PERSUASION

• WRITING OR SPEAKING THAT TRIES TO CONVINCE OTHERS
  TO AGREE WITH YOU OR TAKE ACTION THAT THEY MIGHT
  NOT HAVE TAKEN ON THEIR OWN

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PERSUASIVE ESSAY

• PRESENTS YOUR POSITION ON AN ISSUE
• URGES YOUR READER TO ACCEPT THAT POSITION
• AND MAY ENCOURAGE
• THEM TO TAKE ACTION

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AN EFFECTIVE PERSUASIVE ESSAY

• EXPLORES AN ISSUE OF IMPORTANCE TO THE WRITER
• ADDRESSES AN ISSUE THAT IS ARGUABLE
• USES FACTS, EXAMPLES, STATISTICS, OR PERSONAL
  EXPERIENCES TO SUPPORT A POSITION

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AN EFFECTIVE PERSUASIVE ESSAY

• TRIES TO INFLUENCE ITS AUDIENCE THROUGH APPEALS
  TO THE READERS KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCES, OR
  EMOTIONS
• USES CLEAR ORGANIZATION TO PRESENT A LOGICAL
  ARGUEMENT

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PREWRITING

• CONSIDER AUDIENCE, PURPOSE, ORGANIZATION,
  EVIDENCE, AND POINTS OF ELABORATION
• USE A T-CHART, FLOW CHART, LIST, DIAGRAM, OR ANY
  OTHER FORM OF PREWRITING YOU ARE COMFORTABLE WITH
  USING
• IF YOU HAVE TROUBLE
  GETTING IDEAS, TRY DRAWING PICTURES

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PREWRITING

• RESEARCH MAY BE NECESSARY TO COMPLETE PERSUASIVE
  WRITING
• WHEN THIS IS NOT POSSIBLE, MAKE UP THE
  INFORMATION TO THE BEST OF YOUR ABILITY

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CONSIDER YOUR AUDIENCE PURPOSE

• THE FIRST STEP TO CONVINCING YOUR AUDIENCE IS
  KNOWING YOUR AUDIENCE
• KNOW CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS AGE, OCCUPATION,
  VALUES, PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
• THE SPECIFIC AUDIENCE YOU EXPECT TO ADDRESS WILL
  AFFECT THE WAY YOU PERSUADE THEM

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GATHERING EVIDENCE

• PROVIDE ARGUMENTS EXAMPLES THAT SUPPORT YOU
  POSITION
• ADDRESS COUNTER-ARGUMENTS THAT CAN BE USED TO
  ATTACK YOUR IDEAS

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GATHERING EVIDENCE

• USE INTERVIEWS OR SURVEYS MAKE NOTE OF THE
  CONCERNS OF THE PEOPLE AROUND YOU
• FIND OUT WHAT EXPERTS SAY THAT WILL SUPPORT YOUR
  POSITION
• REMEMBER YOU CAN MAKE UP THIS INFORMATION WHEN
  NECCESSARY

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DRAFTING

• YOUR PERSUASIVE ESSAY

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DEVELOP A THESIS STATEMENT

• A CLEARLY WORDED STATEMENT OF THE POSITION YOU
  WILL PROVE
• A MAIN IDEA STATEMENT
• A SINGLE, STRONGLY WORDED SENTENCE
• ALWAYS PRESENTED AS FACT, EVEN WHEN IT STATES AN
  OPINION
• THE CONTROLLING IDEA

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ORGANIZE

• INTRODUCTION WITH THESIS STATEMENT
• CONCLUSION - SAVE YOUR BEST ARGUMENT FOR A STRONG
  FINISH
• (3 OR 4 PARAGRAPHS IS ENOUGH)
• You are limited to 2 pages for the GHSWT

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Types of Organizational Patterns

• Chronological Order of Events
• Comparison/Contrast
• Spatial Order
• Order of Importance of Ideas
• Problem/Solution
• Cause/Effect Order
• Classification Order
• Definition/Description

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MORE ORGANIZATION OPTIONS

• INTRODUCTION
• SUPPORT
• CONCLUSION
• ARGUMENT
• COUNTER-ARGUMENT
• CONCLUSION

1. INTRODUCTION
2. ONE SIDE OF THE ISSUE
3. ANOTHER SIDE OF THE ISSUE
4. CONCLUSION

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ORGANIZATION

• START WITH A BROAD STATEMENT IN YOUR
  INTRODUCTION
• THEN MOVE INTO SPECIFICS IN
  YOUR BODY PARAGRAPHS
• DONT BE REPETITIVE
• YOUR CONCLUSION SHOULD COME TO A
  NATURAL CLOSE

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PROVIDING ELABORATION

• GIVE THE FACTS
• INSERT NAMES, DATES, AND OTHER BACKGROUND
  INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF YOUR TOPIC

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PROVIDING ELABORATION

• PROVIDE STATISTICS
• CITE NUMBERS THAT PROVE YOUR
  POSITION
• HOW MANY
• WHAT PERCENTAGE

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PROVIDING ELABORATION

• MAKE A COMPARISON
• HOW DOES YOUR TOPIC MATCH OTHER TOPICS YOUR
  READER MAY ALREADY KNOW

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PROVIDING ELABORATION

• SHARE A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE TRY INCLUDING A
  SHORT NARRATIVE STORY IN YOUR INTRODUCTION OR
  CONCLUSION
• INCLUDE DETAILS
• SPECIFICS THAT CLARIFY THE GENERAL POINT YOU ARE
  MAKING

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OTHER

• USE STANDARD AMERICN ENGLISH
• NO POETRY, RAP, OR BULLETED ITEMS
• USE DESCRIPTIVE, FIGURATIVE, AND
  TECHNICAL LANGUAGE
• TIE YOUR PAPER TO THE PROMPT BE
  SURE TO FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING

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REVISING

• LOOK FOR WAYS TO MAKE IT BETTER
• CHECK THAT YOUR AGRUEMENT IS CLEAR
• CHECK THAT YOUR ESSAY IS WELL-ORGANIZED
• REVIEW THE DETAILS LIKE WORD CHOICE AND VARIED
  SENTENCE TYPES

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REVISING

• STRENGTHEN YOUR INTRODUCTION
• GRAB THE READERS INTEREST IN YOUR TOPIC FROM THE
  BEGINNING
• THIS IS YOUR LEAD YOUR ONCE-IN-AN-ESSAY
  OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD INTEREST
• YOU CAN ADD AN OPEN ENDED QUESTION TO THE FIRST
  PARAGRAPH, BUT TRY NOT TO
  MAKE IT THE FIRST SENTENCE THIS IS
  FORMULAIC

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REVISING YOUR PARAGRAPHS

• ELIMINATE ERRORS IN FAULTY LOGIC WITH
  UNREASONABLE APPEALS
• DONT SIMPLY RESTATE YOUR IDEAS OVER AND OVER
• DONT OVERSIMPLIFY THE ISSUE BY OFFERING ONLY TWO
  EXTREMES THERE ARE OFTEN OTHER POSSIBILITIES

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REVISING YOUR SENTENCES

• USE TRANSITIONS TO IMPROVE CLARITY
• TO SHOW A CONTRAST POINT HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH,
  DESPITE
• TO POINT TO A REASON SINCE, BECAUSE, IF
• TO SIGNAL A CONCLUSION THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY,
  SO, THEN
• AVOID STARTING PARAGRAPHS WITH TRANSITIONS
• INSTEAD USE THEM WITHIN A PARAGRAPH OR WITHIN A
  SENTENCE

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REVISING WORD CHOICE

• CHECK THE DENOTATION OF WORDS
• DENOTATION IS A WORDS DIRECT , EXPLICIT MEANING
  OR DICTIONARY DEFINITION
• MEASURE A WORDS CONOTATION
• CONOTATION IS THE INFORMAL MEANING A READER
  ATTACHES TO A WORD
• EXAMPLES CLEVER VS. SLY INQUISITIVE VS.
  NOSY AROMA VS. STENCH

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REVISION

• IF YOU DONT KNOW WHAT A WORD MEANS, DONT USE IT
  IN YOUR WRITING
• BIG WORDS ARE NOT ALWAYS BETTER
• YOUR WRITING SHOULD SHOW SOME OF
  YOUR PERSONALITY

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REVISION STRATEGY

• IF POSSIBLE, TRY USING A THESAURUS TO FIND
  SYNONYMS
• USE STRONG WORDS THAT MAY HELP SWAY YOUR READER
• WHEN YOU CAN, UTILIZE PEER REVIEW AND SHARE YOUR
  DRAFT WITH A PARTNER

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Sweet Sixteen Revision

• Ideas
• 1. Unity You have one clear thesis that
  responds to the assigned task, and all the ideas
  in your essay help to support that thesis.
• 2. Insight Your ideas are thoughtful and
  stimulating, yet reasonable and true to the
  material.
• 3. Argument You prove your ideas clearly,
  logically, and completely. You fully prepare the
  reader to understand each sentence and its
  purpose in your paper.
• 4. Evidence The quality and quantity of
  evidence strongly supports your ideas and shows
  thorough knowledge of the material.

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Sweet Sixteen Revision, continued

• Organization
• 5. Introduction Your first paragraph engages
  the reader and introduces a clear thesis or
  purpose.
• 6. Paragraphing Each body paragraph sticks to
  one idea, and each idea is discussed in only one
  body paragraph.
• 7. Flow Your main ideas are presented in a
  logical and effective order, made clear via topic
  sentences, paragraph conclusions, and
  transitions.
• 8. Conclusion You conclude with a graceful
  reminder of your thesis.

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Sweet Sixteen Revision, continued

• Style
• 9. Conciseness You express ideas simply and
  clearly without wasted words or unnecessary
  repetition.
• 10. Vocabulary Your choice of words is
  interesting and precise but not pretentious.
• 11. Sentence Structure Your sentences are
  strong, graceful, and suitably varied in length
  and structure.
• 12. Vividness You enliven your writing with
  concrete language, fresh and specific detail, and
  metaphor without cliché.

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Sweet Sixteen Revision, continued

• Grammar
• 13. Sentence Sense Your writing is free of
  run-on sentences and fragments.
• 14. Grammar and Usage You follow the rules of
  Standard English.
• 15. Mechanics Your spelling, capitalization,
  and punctuation are accurate.
• 16. Format You follow the conventions of
  documentation
• Jago, Carol. (2005). Papers, papers, papers.
  Portsmouth, NH Heinemann.

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EDITING PROOFREADING

• DOUBLE-CHECK SPELLING, PUNCTUATION, GRAMMAR TO
  ELIMINATE ERRORS
• FOCUS ON COMMAS
• COMMAS SHOULD SHOW YOUR READER WHEN TO PAUSE
• USE COMMAS TO SEPARATE ITEMS IN A SERIES
• USE COMMAS TO SET OFF INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL

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PUBLISHING

• YOUR FINAL DRAFT SHOULD BE NEAT POLISHED
• IF YOUR GHSWT ESSAY IS ILLEGIBLE, IT WILL NOT BE
  SCORED!

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Formulaic Writing Abundance in Redundancy

• Characteristics of A Formulaic Paper
• The writer announces his or her thesis and three
  supporting ideas in the opening paragraph.
• The writer restates one supporting idea to begin
  each of the three body paragraphs.
• The writer repeats or restates his/her
  controlling idea and supporting points in the
  final paragraph.
• Entire sentences may be repeated verbatim
  from the introduction, used as topic
  sentences in each of the body paragraphs,
  and repeated in the conclusion.

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Formulaic Writing Abundance in Redundancy

• Avoid starting each paragraph with a transition
  first, second, third, or in conclusion
• Avoid starting the first paragraph with a
  question instead, move that question to the
  middle of your introductory paragraph
• Avoid repeating any words or phrases
• DONT DONT REPEAT REPEAT YOURSELF
  YOURSELF!!!!!

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Ways to Avoid Formulaic Writing

• Organizes strategy appropriate to topic and genre
  and one which guides the reader through the text
• Sequences ideas and groups appropriately and
  logically
• Sets stage in the introduction (writers
  controlling idea)
• Creates a sense of closure without
  repetition
• Uses good transitioning