Cycles

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Cycles

• Biology 1114

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Definitions

• Community an association of interacting
  populations
• Habitat a place where an organisms lives
  characterized by distinctive physical features
  and vegetation
• Niche the role played by the organism

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Categories of Species Interactions

1. Neutral neither affected
2. Commensalism one benefited and one not affected
3. Mutualism both benefit
4. Parasitism one benefits and one is harmed
5. Predation one benefits and one is harmed

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Neutral
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Commensal
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Yucca Plant and Yucca Moth Are Mutualism
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Predation
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Parasitism
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Predator-Prey Interactions
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• Depends on
• Carrying Capacity
• Reproductive Rates

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Parasite-Host Interactions
Ectoparasites live on a hosts surface Endoparasit
es live inside a hosts body
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Trophic Levels
Trophic levels are the feeding position in a food
chain such as primary producers, herbivore,
primary carnivore, etc. Green plants form the
first trophic level, the producers. Herbivores
form the second trophic level, while carnivores
form the third and even the fourth trophic
levels.
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Food Chain
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Food Chain rose plant -- aphids -- beetle --
chameleon -- hawk.
In this food chain, the rose plant is the primary
producer. The aphids are the primary consumers
because they suck the juice from the rose plant.
The beetle is the primary carnivore because it
eats the aphids. The chameleon, a secondary
carnivore, eats the beetle. The hawk is the
tertiary carnivore because it eats the secondary
carnivore, the chameleon. The hawk eventually
dies and its remains are broken down by
decay-causing bacteria and fungi.
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Food Web
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Trophic Levels and Energy
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Cycles in Nature

• Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Carbon Cycle
• Oxygen Cycle
• Phosphorous Cycle

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Hydrologic Cycle
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• The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation
  of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist
  air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses
  to form clouds. Moisture is transported around
  the globe until it returns to the surface as
  precipitation. Once the water reaches the ground,
  one of two processes may occur 1) some of the
  water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or
  2) the water may penetrate the surface and become
  groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way to
  into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is
  released back into the atmosphere through
  transpiration. The balance of water that remains
  on the earth's surface is runoff, which empties
  into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried
  back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

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Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle
that describes the transformations of nitrogen
and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature.
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Carbon Cycle
Carbon is stored on our planet in the following
major sinks (1) as organic molecules in living
and dead organisms found in the biosphere (2) as
the gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (3) as
organic matter in soils (4) in the lithosphere
as fossil fuels and sedimentary rock deposits
such as limestone, dolomite and chalk and (5) in
the oceans as dissolved atmospheric carbon
dioxide and as calcium carbonate shells in marine
organisms.
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Oxygen Cycle
The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that
describes the movement of oxygen within and
between its three main reservoirs the
atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere.
The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is
photosynthesis, which is responsible for the
modern Earth's atmosphere and life as we know it.
If all photosynthesis were to cease, the Earth's
atmosphere would be devoid of all but trace
amounts of oxygen within 5000 years. The oxygen
cycle would no longer exist.
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Phosphorous Cycle
The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle
that describes the movement of phosphorus through
the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
Unlike many other biogeochemicals, the atmosphere
does not play a significant role in the movements
of phosphorus, because phosphorus and
phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids at
the typical ranges of temperature and pressure
found on Earth.
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