Bell Work Monday 5/26

1
Bell WorkMonday 5/26

• Look in your book beginning on page 1033
• to find the answers
• 1. What happened when Brazilians protested the
  decline in the standard of living?
• 2. What are the two main positive effects of
  one-party rule in Mexico?
• 3. What was the unemployment rate in Argentina in
  2002?

2
Bell WorkTuesday 5/27

• Look in your book beginning on page 1033 and
  begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What role did the military play in shaping the
  economy of Brazil?
• 2. What were some of the positive benefits of
  one-party rule in Mexico?
• 3. What effect did the Falklands War have on the
  military government in Argentina?

3
Struggles for Democracy

• Chapter 35

4
Section 1-DemocracyCase Study Latin American
Democracies
5
Dictators and DemocracyCase Study Brazil

• Following Getulio Vargas dictatorship in the
  1930s the next three elected presidents tried to
  steer Brazil towards democracy
• Juscelino Kubitschek (pres. From 1956 to 1961)
  continued the developed Brazils economy by
  encouraging foreign development and built a new
  capital city called Brasilia
• However national debt and inflation soared

6
Democracy as a Goal

• Land Reform-Breaking up of large estates and
  distributing the land amongst the peasants
• Standard of Living-Material comfort measured by
  the amount of goods people have
• There was a decline in Brazils Standard of
  Living during the late 1960s early 70s
• Recession-Slowdown in the economy
• Brazils economy was hit with a recession during
  the 1980s

7
One-Party RuleCase Study Mexico

• Following the Mexican Revolution the government
  passed the Constitution of 1917
• This outlined democracy and promised new reforms
• From 1934 to 1940 President Lázaro Cárdenas tried
  to improve the lives of peasants and workers by
  carrying out land reform, promoting labor reform,
  nationalizing the Mexican oil industry

8
One-Party RuleCase Study Mexico

• Mexicos main political party changed its name
  to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in
  1946
• It was the main stabilizing force for the next 50
  years
• Although Mexicos economy began to develop
  rapidly there was still several pressing issues
• Lack of land, jobs, and foreign debt led to high
  interest payments

9
One-Party RuleCase Study Mexico

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)-
• NAFTA removed trade barriers between the U.S.
  Canada and Mexico
• Mexicans ended 71 years of PRI rule by electing
  Vicente Fox president
• He advocated reform of the police, rooting out
  political corruption ending the rebellion in
  Chiapas, and opening Mexicos economy to free
  market forces

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Political and Economic DisorderCase Study
Argentina

• Argentina was a industrial nation with a large
  population that struggled to form a democracy
• Major producer of grain and beef
• 1946 Juan Perón an army officer won the
  presidency and established a dictatorship
• With his wife Eva they created a welfare state
• Plenty of social programs but limited freedom
• Following Evas death in 1955 the military and
  the Catholic church removed him from power

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Political and Economic DisorderCase Study
Argentina

• Repression in Argentina
• 1976 a brutal dictatorship emerged and political
  rivals were hunted down
• By the early 1980s thousands had disappeared,
  kidnapped and killed by their own government
• Democracy and Economy-
• 1983 Raúl Alfonsín was elected president in
  Argentinas first free election in 37 years
• He worked to rebuild democracy and the economy

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Political and Economic DisorderCase Study
Argentina

• A Growing Crisis-
• December 2001 the International Monetary Fund
  (IMF) refused to give Argentina financial aid
• By 2002 Argentina had an unemployment rate of 24
  and defaulted on an 132 billion dollar debt
  devaluing its currency
• Following Nestor Kirchners election as president
  and a re-working of the debt Argentina paid it
  the IMF in 2006

13
Bell WorkWednesday 5/28

• Look in your book beginning on page 1040 and
  begin reading to find the answers
• 1. How does a federal system work?
• 2. What was the outcome of the war between
  Nigeria and Biafra?
• 3. What were the homelands in South Africa?

14
Section 2-The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
15
How do you Classify Someone's Race/Nationality?
Which one would you say is African American?
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Civil War in Nigeria

• Following independence Nigeria adopted a federal
  system
• Federal System-A political system where power is
  shared between state government and central
  powers
• The Nigerians set up three states
• One for each region and ethnic group (The Hausa,
  Yoruba and the Igbo) with a political party in
  each

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Civil War in Nigeria

• Nigeria has three main ethnic groups living
  within its borders
• Hausa-Fulani in the North
• Mainly Muslim
• Yoruba in the South West
• Faming people with a tradition of kings
• Igbo in the South East
• Farmers with a democratic tradition
• The Yoruba and the Igbos are mainly Muslims,
  Christians or animalists

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Civil War in Nigeria

• Martial Law-Temporary military rule
• 1967 the Eastern Region of Nigeria seceded and
  became the nation of Biafra
• Mainly made up by the Igbos
• The Nigerian gov. sought to reunite the country
  and by 1970 it was
• However nearly 1 million Igbos died during the
  conflict

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South Africa Under Apartheid

• 1948 the Nationalist Party came to power in South
  Africa
• It instituted the policy of apartheid which was
  the complete separation of the races (whites and
  blacks)
• Separate schools, hospitals and neighborhoods
  were established and social contact was banned
• Blacks could not live in white areas unless they
  were servants
• Although 75 of the population was black only 13
  of the land was reserved for them

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South Africa Under Apartheid

• Blacks Protest-
• In 1912 the African National Congress (ANC) had
  been formed to fight for the rights of Africans
• The ANC also organized protests and staged
  boycotts to protest racist policies
• The gov. banned the ANC and jailed many
  of its members including Nelson Mandela
• Other troubles in South Africa
• 1976 riots over school policies left 600 students
  dead
• 1977 popular protestor Stephen Biko was beaten to
  death while in prison

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Struggle for Democracy

• During the late 1980s the South African gov.
  faced increased pressure to change
• Bishop Desmond Tutu led an economic charge
  against apartheid
• Many countries imposed harsh trade restrictions
  on South Africa and they were even banned from
  the Olympics

22
Struggle for Democracy

• The 1st Steps Towards Democracy-
• Between 1989 and 1990 new President F.W. de Klerk
  worked to end South Africas isolation
• He legalized the ANC (1990)
• Released Nelson Mandela from prison (1990)
• Soon after apartheid laws were repealed
• Public faculties were desegregated and land
  ownership was opened to blacks

23
Struggle for Democracy

• The first universal elections were held in 1994
• Majority Rule-
• The ANC won 63 of the vote and Nelson Mandela
  was elected as South Africa's 1st black President
  
• Serving as pres. from 1994-1999
• A New Constitution-
• 1996 a new democratic constitution was passed
• Guaranteed equal rights for all citizens

24
Struggle for Democracy

• South Africa Today-
• In the early 2000s South African unemployment
  reached nearly 40
• 60 of South African Blacks lived under the
  poverty line
• The AIDS epidemic also hit them hard
• Estimates are that nearly 6 million people have
  died from AIDS by 2010

25
Chapter 35 Section 1 and 2 Review Terms
26
Chapter 35 Section 1 and 2 Review Terms
27
Bell WorkThursday 5/29

• Look in your book beginning on page 1046 and
  begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What are some of the changes that Gorbachev
  made to the Soviet economy?
• 2. After the collapse of the Soviet Union what
  problems did Yeltsin face as the president of the
  Russian Federation?
• 3. How did Putin deal with Chechnya?

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Section 3-The Collapse of the Soviet Union
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Gorbachev Moves Towards Democracy

• Politburo-Ruling committee of the Soviet
  Communist Party
• Following the death of Brezhnev's and his two
  successors they sought a new direction
• Mikhail Gorbachev was elected president in 1989
• He was young, energetic, politically savvy and
  interested in pursuing new ideas

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Gorbachev Moves Towards Democracy

• Glasnost-Russian policy of (political/social)
  openness instituted by Gorbachev
• The government was allowed to-
• New Churches to open
• Allowed previously banned books to be published
• Reporters could investigate problems and
  criticize government officials

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Reforming the Economy and Politics

• Gorbachev believed that Russias problems were a
  result of poor central planning
• Gov. telling farmers what crops to grow and where
  to grow them and what wages to pay
• Perestroika-Economic restructuring in Russia
• 1985-Gorbachevs goal was to make the economic
  system more productive and efficient

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Reforming the Economy and Politics

• The Cold War-From the 1950s to the 1980s the
  U.S. and Russia engaged in a fierce nuclear arms
  race
• President Reagan spent nearly 2 trillion on
  nuclear missiles as time went on Russia simply
  could not afford to keep up
• The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
  (INF) was signed in 1989
• It banned nuclear missiles with ranges of 300 to
  3,400 miles

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The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil

• Various groups call for freedom-
• The Baltic Nations of Lithuania, Latvia, and
  Estonia wanted the freedom they enjoyed as
  independent nations between WWI and WWII
• March, 1990 Lithuania declared independence
• Gorbachev tried an economic blockade than sent in
  troops killing 14 and wounding hundreds
• This badly hurt his popularity
• June, 1991 Boris Yeltsin became the first elected
  president of the Russian Federation

34
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil

• The End of the Soviet Union-
• 15 republics declared independence from the
  Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of
  Independent States (CIS)
• This dissolved the Soviet Union

35
Russia Under Boris Yeltsin

• Shock-Therapy-Yeltsins plan in which Russia
  would make an abrupt shift to a free-market
  economy
• Yeltsins lowered trade barriers, removed price
  controls and ended subsidies to state-owned
  industries
• He hoped this would quickly revive the Russian
  economy it didnt
• Between 1992 and 1994 inflation rose 800

36
Russia Under Vladimir Putin

• Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991
  Russia has seen an increase in
• Homelessness, domestic violence, unemployment and
  a decrease in life expectancy.

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Russia Under Vladimir Putin

• Putins presidency has not solved the problem (in
  many areas it has become much worse) but Russia
  has made some strides in
• Modernizing banking, insurance and tax codes

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Bell WorkFriday 5/30

• Look in your book beginning on page 1052 and
  begin reading to find the answers
• 1. How did Solidarity affect Communist Rule in
  Russia?
• 2. What effect did reunification have on
  Germanys international role?
• 3. What was the main cause of the break up of
  Czechoslovakia?

39
Section 4-Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
40
Germany Reunifies

• Fall of the Berlin Wall
• November 9th, 1989 the Berlin wall was opened
  allowing German citizens to travel freely between
  East and West Germany
• By the end of 1989 East Germanys Communist Party
  ceased to exist

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Germany Reunifies

• German Reunification-
• Reunification-The idea of merging the two
  Germanys
• Democratic West Germany and Communist East
  Germany
• West German chancellor Helmut Kohl assured the
  world Germany had learned from its past mistakes
  and was committed to democracy and human rights
• Germany was fully unified on October 3rd, 1990

42
Germany Reunifies

• Germanys Challenges-
• Under Communist rule East Germanys railroads,
  highways and telephone systems had not been
  updated since WWII
• Goods produced by East German factories could not
  compete on a global scale
• Many factories closed and unemployment rose
• Germany raised taxes to help rebuild East Germany

43
Overthrow in Romania

• By late 1989, Communist dictator Nicolae
  Ceau?escu continued his ruthless grip over
  Romania
• He ignored all calls for reform
• In December 1989, Ceausescu ordered his army to
  fire on demonstrators in the city of Timisoara
  where hundreds were wounded
• This led to a massive uprising and the execution
  of him and his wife on Christmas day

44
The Breakup of Yugoslavia

• Ethnic conflict plagued Yugoslavia following WWII
  due to the fact the country contained eight
  different ethnic groups
• Serbs, Croats, Muslims, Slovenes, Macedonians,
  Albanians, Hungarians, and Montenegrins
• Soon they became a federation of six republics
  with mixed populations

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The Breakup of Yugoslavia

• A Bloody Breakup-
• Josip Tito held the country together from 1945 to
  1980
• Following his death ethnic tensions boiled over
• Following Titos death Serbian leaders took over
  Yugoslavia
• Two of the republics Croatia and Slovenia
  declared independence
• Bosnia joined them and Serbia-Montenegro combined
  to form a new Yugoslavia

46
The Breakup of Yugoslavia

• Ethnic Cleansing-The policy designed to rid
  Bosnia of its Muslim population
• In 1992, Bosnian Serbs opposed the Muslim and
  Croat cries for independence and with the support
  of Serbia sought out to eliminate them
• By 1995 Serbs controlled 70 of Bosnia
• In 1996 Bosnians elected a three-person
  presidency (one leader from each group) after
  signing a United Nations and U.S. brokered peace
  treaty

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Chapter 35 Section 3 and 4 Review Terms