Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin, 2004

1
???? ??? ? ????????????????
??????????? ? ????? ???????? ??
http//dims.karelia.ru/alexmou/
?????????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????? http//www.c
itforum.ru/ http//www.osp.ru/

• ?????? ?. ? ?. ??????? ?????????? ?????????
  ?????.
• ?????? ?. ? ?. ???????? ? IP-????.
• ??????? ?.?., ?????????? ?.?. (1994 ?.).
  ????????? ?????????? TCP/IP.
• ?.?????. ?????????? ????? ? ??????? TCP/IP.
• ???? "CISCO Internetworking Technology Overview".
  
• ???? ????. ??? ???????????? ??????. - ? BHV,
  1996.
• ?.????????. ?????? ?????????? ???.
• ?????? ?.?. ???????? ? ??????? ?????????-?????????
  ? ?????.
• ?????????? ?. ???????????? ????????? ??????
  ????????? 5? ? 6.
• ??????? ? ?????? Ethernet (?????????? Ethernet).
• ???????????? ?., ???????? ?., ?????? ?. ?????
  ????? INTERNET.

Rev. 2.03 / 20.02.2014
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
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?????????, ?? ????
????????? -- ??????? ??? ??????????????.
?????????? ?????????? ?????????????
?????????. ???????? ??????? ????????????????????
(??????????????), ??????????, ?????????????,
?????????????. ????????? ???????????,
??????????? ????????? (???? ? ??), ????????,
???????????, ??????????. ??????????????, General
Public License.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
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???????????? ??????????

• American National Standards Institute
• ???????????? ????, ????????, ?????????? ?????
• ??????????????? ????? ????????????????, SCSI,
  ???????? ansi.sys
• ???. ????????? ? ???????????? ????????? Token
  Ring, CSMA/CD, SQL, ????????? ??????????.
• Common Open Software Environment
• ?????????? ????? ??????? Unix-?????. ? ??????????
  ?????? IBM, HP, SunSoft, Novell.
• Comite Consultatif Internationale de Telegraphie
  et Telephonie (ITU - International
  Telecommunications Union)
• ????????? CCITT (????? - ???.) ????????? ?
  ???????, ?????, ???????? ???????????? ?????????.
• 15 ????????????????? ????? A ? B ? ???.
  ?????????, ??????? ? ???????????, I ? ISDN, K ? L
  ? ?????? ????????????, R-U ? ???????????? ?
  ??????????? ??????, V ? ???????? ?????? ??
  ?????????? ?????, X ? ???? ???????? ??????.

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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NETS and OSs
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???????????? ??????????

• CCITT (???????????)
• v.22 ? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? 1200
  ???/?,
• v.22bis ? 2400 ???/?
• v.28 ? ???????? ?????????? RS-232
• v.32 ? ??????. ? ?????????? ???????? 4800-9600
  ???/?,
• v.32bis ? ?? 14400
• v.35 ? ???????????????? ???????? ??
  ??????????????? ?????.
• v.42 ? ???????? ??????
• v.42bis ? ?????? ??????
• v.terbo ? 19200 ???/?
• v.34 ? 28800 ???/?, v.34 ? ?? 33600 ???/?
• x2, k56flex ?gt v.90, v.92 ? ?? 56????/?
  (?????????????)
• X.200 (ISO 7498) ? ????????? ?????? OSI
• X.25 (ISO 7776) ? ???? ? ??????????? ???????
• X.400 (ISO 10021) ? ????? ???????????
  (??????????? ?????, ?? ????????)
• X.500 (ISO 9594) ? ?????? ?????????
• X.700 (ISO 9595) ? Common Management Information
  Protocol

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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NETS and OSs
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???????????? ??????????

• Electronic Industries Association
• 1924???. RS-232 - ???????? ?????????????????
  ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? DB-9 ? DB-25 ? ????
  ?????? ?????? 15 ??????. ???????????? ??????????
  ????? DTE (???????????? ????????????) ? DCE (data
  communication equipment).
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
• ????????, 802 (??????? 1980) (?? 802.17)
• IEEE 802.1 Bridging (Networking) and Network
  Management (VLAN)
• IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (Upper Part of
  Data Lnk Layer)
• IEEE 802.3 Ethernet (CSMA/CD)
• IEEE 802.4 Token Bus (Disbanded)
• IEEE 802.5 Defines the MAC Layer for a Token
  Ring (Inactive)
• IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area Networks
  (Disbanded)
• IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable
  (Disbanded)
• IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG (Disbanded)
• IEEE 802.9 Integrated Services LAN (Disbanded)
• IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN Security
  (Disbanded)

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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???????????? ??????????

• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
  (???????????)
• IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Mesh (Wi-Fi
  Certification)
• IEEE 802.12 Demand Priority (Disbanded)
• IEEE 802.13 Not Used
• IEEE 802.14 Cable Modems (Disbanded)
• IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN
• IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth Certification)
• IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee Certification)
• IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX
  Certification)
• IEEE 802.16e (Mobile) Broadband Wireless Access
• IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
• IEEE 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
• IEEE 802.19 Coexistence TAG
• IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
• IEEE 802.21 Media-Independent Handoff
• IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network
• IEEE 802.23 Emergency Services Working Group
• IEEE 802.24 Smart Grid TAG New (November, 2012)
• IEEE 802.25 Omni-Range Area Network (Not Yet
  Ratified)

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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???????????? ??????????

• International Standards Organization
• ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????
  (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model,
  OSI/RM )
• Open Software Foundation
• ??????? ??????????? ?????, ????????? ??????????
  ????. ??????????????. Unix-???????? ?? - OSF/1,
  OSF/Motif - ????. ?????????.
• SQL Access Group
• ????????? ? ISO ????????????? ?????????,
  ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?
  ?????????? ?????? (? ??????????? ??????-??????)

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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?????? OSI/RM
Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer
2 Layer 1
APPLICATION
??????????
PRESENTATION
??????????.
SESSION
?????????
TRANSPORT
????????????
NETWORK
???????
DATA LINK
?????????
PHYSICAL
??????????
OSI/RM
1984 ?. ? OSI/RM ? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?
???????? ??????????. ???? ?????????????? ?
???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????
??????, ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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?????? ? ?????? OSI/RM
?????????? ????? ?????? ? ????, ????? ??????, Ex telnet.
????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? (??????????), ??????? ?????? ????? ? ???????????? ????????, ??????????, ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????.
????????? ????????????, ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????, ????????????? ???? ? ??????, ??????????? checkpoints, ???? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????, ???????????? ?????????? ??????.
???????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????, ? ??? ?? ??????????????????, ??? ?????? ? ????????????. ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ????????????. ?????? ????????????? ??????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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?????? ? ?????? OSI/RM
??????? ????????? ? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????. ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ???????, ?????????????, ??????????. ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????. ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????? ???????? (??????. ? ??????. ? ????????), ?????? ????. ???????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????, ??????????? ???? (?????? ? ??????? ??????), ?????? ? CRC ????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????.
?????????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????????????, ??????????, ???????????? (???????) ? ?????????????? (?????? ???????? ??????) ?????????? ??????? ????? ? ???????. ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ? ??.- ? ????- ???????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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OSI ? ??????????? ???????????
??????????
????????????
??????????.
???????????? ???????
?????????
????????????
???????
????????
?????????
??????????
??????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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OSI ? IEEE Project 802
? ???????????? ? ??????????? OSI/RM ?????????
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? LLC - Logical
Link Control (?????????? ?????????? ??????????
??????) MAC - Medium Access Control (????????
??????? ? ????? ????????) ???????? ? ???????
?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????
(MAC-??????????) ? ?????????? ???????. Project
802 ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????????
???????. LLC ? 802.2, MAC ? 802.3 (CSMA/CD), ?
802.4 (?????? ???? ? ????????? ???????), ? 802.5
(?????? ? ????????? ???????), ? 802.12 (??
?????????? ???????), ? 802.17 (?????????? ??????
? ???????? ???????????).
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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????????? ??????? (??????)
???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????
??????? ?????????? - ????? ????
(???), ???????????? - ??????? ??????, ??????? -
?????, ????????? - ????. ????? ??????? ? ????
??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????. ?? ??????
?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???. ?????????????
??? ???????? ??????????. ?? ??????????? ???????
?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
?????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????
???????????? ???????????? ??????? (?gt ????? ?gt
????? ?gt ????? ?gt), ?? ???????? ? ???? ?
????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ??????
????? ?????????, ????? ????? ??????????,
???????????? ??????, ?????????? ? ??????????
????????, ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????????????
?????? ?? ??????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????
????????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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????????? ??????? (??????)
??????? ????????? (?????? ? ????? ?????
???????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ? ??????????,
????, ?????????????? ????????), ?????? (?? 512
???? ?? 4??), ??????? (CRC ????, ????? ?????????
????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?
???????????? ? ????????).
????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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???????? ?????? ?? ????
???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??
???? ???????, ??? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????.
??????????
??????????
??????????.
??????????.
?????????
?????????
????????????
????????????
???????
???????
?????????
?????????
??????????
??????????
????? ????????
??????????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????????
??? ????????? ????? (?????????? ?????????????? ??
?????? ???????).
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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?????????

• ????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ????????, ????????????
  ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????.
• ?? ?????. ???? ???????????? ? ??????????.
• ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? OSI RM. ????,
  ????????, ???????? ???????? ?? ???. ??????,
  ??????, ?? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????
  ????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????.
• ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????
  (????).
• ???????????????? ? ?????????????????? ?????????.

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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????? ??????????
??????? OSI/RM Apple Computer DECnet Microsoft Networking Novell Netware TCP/IP Internet Xerox XNS
????????. ?????????? ?????????, ????. ???????? ??????, ???-??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????. ???????? ??????, ???-??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????. ???????? ??????, ???-??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????. ???????? ??????, ???-??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????. ???????? ??????, ???-??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????. ???????? ??????, ???-??????, ??????? ???????
?????????. AppleTalk Filling Protocol Network Application Server Message Block Netware Core Protocols Telnet, SMTP, FTP, HTTP Control and Process Interaction
????????? AppleTalk Session Protocol Session NetBIOS NetBIOS Telnet, SMTP, FTP, HTTP Control and Process Interaction
????????? AppleTalk Session Protocol Session NetBIOS NetBIOS TCP UDP Control and Process Interaction
?????????. AppleTalk Transaction Protocol End Communi-cations NetBEUI Sequenced Packet Exchange TCP UDP Sequenced Packet Protocol
??????? Datagram Delivery Protocol Routing Internet Packet Exchange Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Datagram Protocol
????????? ??????? ??????????? Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, LocalTalk, ??. ??????? ??????????? Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, LocalTalk, ??. ??????? ??????????? Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, LocalTalk, ??. ??????? ??????????? Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, LocalTalk, ??. ??????? ??????????? Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, LocalTalk, ??. ??????? ??????????? Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, LocalTalk, ??.
????????. ????? ???????? ????? ????, ???????????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ???????????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ???????????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ???????????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ???????????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ???????????, ??????????
??????
????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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????? ??????????
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / internet
Protocol) ? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????,
?????????? ?????????? ????????, ????.
????????????? ??? ???? ????????? SMTP, FTP, SNMP.
?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????????.
???????? ? ????????? IP ??????? NetBEUI (Network
Basic Extended User Interface) ? ?????? ? NetBIOS
(IBM ????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???), ? ???
NetBEIU ? ??????. ???????? ??????????. ?????????,
???????, ???????????. ?? ????????????
?????????????. X.25 ? ???? ? ??????????? ???????,
?????? ???????????? OSI/RM. XNS ? Xerox Network
System. ??????? ? ?????????, ?????
????????????????? ???????. IPX/SPX ? NWLink
(?????????? ?? Microsoft) ? ????????? XNS,
????????? ? ?????????? ???????. DECnet ?
??????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????, ??
??? ???????????? ????? ?-???, ?.?. ?? ???????? ??
VAX (Virtual Address Extension) ?????? ?
???????????? ???????? VMS. ????? ?????????? OSI
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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?????????????? ? ????. ?????
??????????
??????????.
?????????
????????????
???????
?????????
??????????
A
B
?????????? ???????? ??????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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IP-?????? ? ????
IP-????? ??? 4-? ???????? ????? (?? 0 ??
232-1). ??? ?????????? ? ?????????-???????? ????.
???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????
?? 0 ?? 255. ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????????
??????. ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????, ??????
- ???????. ????????? ????? ??????? 10.0.1.31,
65.200.17.0, 192.168.1.1 ? ?.?. IP 0.0.0.0 b 0000
0000 00000000 00000000 00000000 dec 0 IP 10.0.0.0
bin 00001010 00000000 00000000
00000000 dec 167772160227225 IP 10.255.255.255
dec 184549375227225223222221...222120 bin
00001010 11111111 11111111 11111111
??????????
??????????.
?????????
????????????
???????
?????????
??????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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IP-?????? ? ????
??? IP-?????? 129.127.51.47 ? ?????? 19
????? ????? ???? -- 129.127.32.0 ????? ????? --
0.0.19.47
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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?????????????
??????????
???????
?????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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?????????????
IP-????? ?? ?????????? 1 ?????? ???? ?????????
?????????? 2. ??? ???????? ?? ????? (?????
??????????????) IP-?????? ??????????? ?
?????????? ?????? IP-?????? ?? ??????????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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DNS, ???? 53 (ping lab127.ru)
????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????
(??????????? ??????? ping) ????????? ? IP-???????
172.20.176.62 (MAC-????? ????????
??????????90-E6-BA-71-0B-8C), ?? ??????? ????
???????? ???????, ?????? ?????????????????
DNS-?????? ??????? ns.karelia.ru (?? ???-?????
?????????????? 00-0?-CE-CE-4E-4D).
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
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DNS (ping lab127.ru)
00-0C-CE-CE-4E-4D MAC-????? ?????????? 90-E6-BA-71
-0B-8C MAC-????? ??????????? 08-00 ??? ????????
IP 45-00 ?????? IP, ????? ??????????,
?????? 00-37 ????? IP ?????????? (55
??????) 07-03-00-80 ????????????, ?????,
TTL 11 ??? ???????? UDP 68-85 ???????????
????? AC-14-B0-3E IP-????? ???????????
(172.20.176.62) C2-55-AC-85 IP-????? ??????????
(194.85.172.133) D6-82 UDP-???? ??????????? (????
54914) 00-35 UDP-???? ?????????? (???? 53
DNS) 00-23-DE-74 ????? ? ???????????
????? 19-31 ID ? ????? 01-0000-01 DNS-?????? ??
lab127.ru ???? A
??????????
??????????.
?????????
????????????
???????
?????????
??????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
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??????? ?? ?????? OSI/RM?

• ???????? ??????
• ???????
• ?????? ??????????? ??????
• ??????? ? GSM
• ???? WiFi
• ?????????????
• RCPT TO
• ????????? ?????? "?? ????"
• ????????
• ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????
• TCP/IP
• ???????? UWB (IEEE 802.15.4a)
• IP-??????????
• ???? ?????? ? ????? ????????
• ?????????? ????? ? GSM ?????
• ????????????? ?????? ??????
• ????????? ????? Ethernet

??????????
??????????.
?????????
????????????
???????
?????????
??????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs