Food borne infection from food from local restaurants in Lagos, Nigeria- Causes, and need for intervention

1
Food borne infection from food from local
restaurants in Lagos, Nigeria- Causes, and need
for intervention

• Muinah Fowora
• Walden University
• 22nd July, 2012

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Outline

• Introduction
• Food borne diseases
• Causes of food borne diseases
• Introduction of contaminants into food
• Local Restaurants in Lagos, Nigeria
• Causes of food borne diseases in local
  restaurants
• Evidence that this problem exist
• Existing interventions to this problem
• Possible interventions and regulations

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Introduction

• Food consumption is one of the most important
  factors that influence health
• Majority of people visit local restaurants and
  fast food restaurants
• To protect human health, quality of food needs to
  be preserved

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Food borne diseases

• Millions affected yearly, with thousands of death
  annually worldwide (WHO, 2012)
• Diseases caused by the presence of contaminants
  in food.
• Contaminants can be biological or chemical in
  nature
• WHO (2012). Prevention of foodborne disease Five
  keys to safer food. Retrieved from
  http//www.who.int/foodsafety/consumer/5keys/en/in
  dex.html

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Food borne diseases (contd.)

• Includes diseases like amebic dysentery,
  giardiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, diarrhea,
  typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis,
  amongst others.
• Micro-organisms mainly responsible (Moeller,
  2011).
• Moeller, D.W. (2011). Environmental Health (4th
  ed.). Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.

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Causes of food borne diseases

• Bacterial Infections examples include Salmonella
  species, Shigella species, Escherichia coli
  amongst others
• Viral Infections like the Norwalk-like viruses
  and the hepatitis A and E.
• Toxins and naturally occurring toxins (Moeller,
  2011)
• Moeller, D.W. (2011). Environmental Health (4th
  ed.). Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.

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Introduction of contaminants into food

• Before food preparation
• During food preparation
• After food preparation (MDH, 2010).
• MDH (2010). Food contamination and food borne
  illness prevention. Retrieved from
  http//www.health.state.mn.us/foodsafety/preventio
  n.html

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Uncensored Local restaurants in Lagos, Nigeria
Source Mama Dami Food Canteen Yaba, Lagos ,
picture by Muinah Fowora 2012)
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Uncensored Local restaurants in Lagos, Nigeria
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Uncensored Local restaurants in Lagos, Nigeria
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Causes of Food Borne Diseases in Local Restaurant

• Inadequate knowledge of food borne diseases and
  their causes
• Improper food handling techniques
• Unsustainable environment

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Evidence that the problem exist

• Various researches have been carried out on both
  food handlers and on food from local canteens and
  restaurants
• The study by Smith, Agomo, Bamidele, Opere and
  Aboaba (2010) showed the knowledge of food
  handlers about typhoid fever

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Evidence that the problem exist (contd.)

• Smith et al. (2010) showed that 27.7 of food
  handlers do not wash hands before preparing food
• 28.1 used only water to wash hands after using
  the toilet
• 90 had heard of and know about typhoid fever

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Evidence that the problem exist (contd.)

• However, 15.6 of these did not know how it was
  contacted
• Okolie, Omonigbehin, Badru, and Akande (2011)
  isolated pathogenic bacteria from food sold in
  private primary schools in Akoka, Lagos.
• Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus,
  Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas specie were all
  isolated from the food samples

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Existing interventions or regulations

• Are there any existing interventions or
  regulations to combat these problems?
• Food and drugs decree 35 of 1974
• Implementing authorities at the central,
  provincial, and local government level (WHO,
  2009)
• WHO (2009). FAN country profiles Nigeria.
  Retrieved from http//www.afro.who.int/en/clusters
  -a-programmes/hpr/food-safety-and-nutrition-fan/fa
  n-country-profiles.html

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Existing interventions or regulations (contd.)

• Central level NAFDAC, NIOMR, and the ministry
  of agriculture
• Provincial level NAFDAC and the state
  government agencies
• Local level Local government task force and
  NAFDAC

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Existing interventions or regulations (contd.)

• WHO food safety and Nutrition (FAN) country
  profile for Nigeria, Nigeria supposedly has food
  inspectors
• Food inspectors are supposed to carry out food
  control implementation, and also inspect food
  establishments (WHO, 2009).

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Possible intervention and regulations

• Health hygiene training
• Enlightenment programs on hygienic food
  preparation and good sanitary practices
• Regulations to govern the food handlers and their
  practice.
• Proper inspection, monitoring and enforcement

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References

• MDH (2010). Food contamination and food borne
  illness prevention. Retrieved from
  http//www.health.state.mn.us/foodsafet y/prevent
  ion.html
• Moeller, D.W. (2011). Environmental Health (4th
  ed.). Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.

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References (contd.)

• Okolie, N.P., Omonigbehin, E., Badru, O.A.,
  Akande, I.S. (2011). Isolation of pathogenic
  bacteria from some foods sold at selected
  private schools in Akoka area of Yaba Lagos,
  Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science,6(3),
  65-69.

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References (contd.)

• Smith, S.I., Agoma, C.O., Bamidele, M., Opere,
  B.O., Aboaba, O.O. (2010). Survey of food
  handlers in bukas (a type of local restaurant)
  in Lagos, Nigeria about typhoid fever. Health,
  2(8), 951- 956. Doi10.4236/health.2010.28141

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References (contd.)

• WHO (2009). FAN country profiles Nigeria.
  Retrieved from http//www.afro.who.int/en/cluste
  rs-a- programmes/hpr/food-safety-and- nutrition-fa
  n/fan-country-profiles.html

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References (contd.)

• WHO (2012). Prevention of foodborne disease
  Five keys to safer food. Retrieved from
  http//www.who.int/foodsafety/consume r/5keys/en/
  index.html

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Possible readings

• FDA (n.d.). Bad Bug Book Foodborne Pathogenic
  Pathogens and Natural Toxins Handbook (2nd ed.).
  Retrieved from http//www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/
  Foo dSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllne ssFood
  bornePathogensNaturalToxins/Bad BugBook/UCM297627.
  pdf