??af??e?a 1

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? d???e?a st?? ?e?te?? ep??? ?a?
t? ????????? ?µp????
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Slavery in the Modern Age and the Triangular
Trade LEsclavage dans lEre Moderne et le
Commerce Triangulaire
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?? p?? ???st? t???????? s?st?µa eµp??????
s??a??a??? e??a? t? d???t?a?t??? d???eµp????, p??
?e?t?????se ap? ta t??? t?? 16?? ??? t?? a????
t?? 19?? a???a, µetaf????ta? s???ß???, s?de??
d?af???? e?d??, ?a? ß??µ??a???? p?????ta µeta??
t?? ??t???? ?f?????, t?? ?a?a?ß???? ?
aµe???a????? ap????e? ?a? t?? e???pa????
ap????a??? d???µe??. ??p?te ?? ap????e? t??
ß?eta????? ???e?a? ?µe?????, e?d??? t?? ??a?
?????a?, a?t??a??st??sa? t?? ????p?. ? ???s? t??
?f???a??? s???ß?? ?ta? ?eµe???d?? ??a t??
a??pt??? ap????a??? ?a???e??e???, ?? ?p??e?
e?????ta? st?? ????p?. ????pa??? p?????ta, µe t?
se??? t???, a?ta???????a? µe ?f???a???? s???ß???,
?? ?p???? st? s????e?a d?a ?a??ss?? d?t??? ap?
t?? ?f???? st?? ?µe????, t? ?e??µe?? µesa??
p??asµa.-
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???t?a?t??? ????eµp????
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• ??a ??as??? pa??de??µa e??a? t? eµp???? t??
  ???a??? (t?? ?a?a?????aµ??) s???? se ???? µ??f?,
  ? µe??sa?, ap? t?? ?a?a?ß??? p??? t?? ????p? ? t?
  ??a ?????a, ?p?? ap?sta??ta? se ???µ?. ?a ???d?
  ap? t?? p???s? t?? ???a???, ???s?µ?p?????t? ??a
  t?? a???? ß??µ??a????? p?????t??, ta ?p??a st?
  s????e?a µetaf????ta? st? ??t??? ?f????, ?p??
  a?ta???ss??ta? µe s???ß???. ???? s???ß??? st?
  s????e?a t??? ?fe??a? st?? ?a?a?ß??? ??a ?a
  p???????? st?? f?te?e? t?? ???a???. St? s????e?a,
  ta ???d? ap? t?? p???s? t?? d?????, ta 
  ???s?µ?p????sa? ??a ?a a????s??? pe??ss?te??
  ???a??, ? ?p??a ?p?epe ?a ap?sta?e? st?? ????p?,
  ??p. ?? ?d?? t? ta??d? ?pa???e p??te ??? d?de?a
  eßd?µ?de?.

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• ?? p??t? s????? t?? t??????? ?ta? ap? ??p???
  e???pa??? ??µ??? p??? t?? ?f????, p??? t?? ?p??a
  ta p???a µet?fe?a? p??µ??e?e? ??a p???s? ?
  a?ta??a??, ?p?? ?a???, ?f?sµata, µp????µp?d?a,
  ???t?e?, ?p?a ?a? p???µa????. ?ta? t? p????
  ?f?a?e, t? f??t?? t?? p??e?t? ? a?ta???ss??ta? µe
  s???ß???. ?s?? af??? t? de?te?? s?????, t? p????
  ??a?e t? ta??d? t?? ?esa??? ?e??sµat??, ap? t??
  ?f???? p??? t?? ??? ??sµ?. ?????? s???ß?? ??asa?
  t? ??? t??? ap? a???st?e? sta asf??t???
  past?µ??a  aµp???a t?? p?????. ????? t? p????
  ?f?a?e st? ??? ??sµ?, ?? ep????te? s???ß??
  p?????t? st?? ?a?a?ß??? ? t?? aµe???a?????
  ap????e?. ?a p???a ?ta? t??a ?t??µa ?a
  ?a?a??st??? ep?µe???, ?a ste???s???, ?a? ?a
  f??t????? µe a?a?? ??a t? ta??d? t?? ep?st??f??
  d??. t? t??t? s????? µ???? t? ??µ??? t??
  pat??da?. ?p? t?? ??t???? ??d?e? ta ????a
  f??t?a e?a????? ?ta? ? ???a??, t? ???µ?, ?a? ?
  µe??sa, ap? t? ???t????a, ?  ?ap??? ?a? ?
  ????aß?. ?? p???? st? s????e?a ep?st?efe st??
  ????p? ??a ?a ?????????e? t? t??????.

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????eµp????
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• Ost?s?, ???? t?? p????? µe???e?t?µ?t?? p??
  a?t?µet?p??a? ta d???eµp????? p???a se s?????s?
  µe ???a eµp????? p???a, s???? ep?st?efa? st?
  ??µ??? t?? ???a? t??? µetaf????ta? ??p??a ???a
  eµp??e?µata p?? ?ta? ?µesa d?a??s?µa st?? ?µe????
  ?a? ?eµ????ta? ??a µe???? µ???? ? t? s????? t??
  ????t???t?t?? t??? µe ??µa. ???a µe???e?t?µata
  pe????µßa?a? t?? ????t???t?ta t?? p????? ??a t?
  µetaf??? ?s? t? d??at?? pe??ss?te??? s???ß??, p??
  ?µ?? de? ?ta? ?da???? ??a t?? µetaf??? t??
  µ???st?? ????? p?????t??. ?p???a? ep?s??
  ?a??ste??se?? st? d????e?a t?? p???, ?a??st??ta?
  p?a?t??? ad??at? ?a p????aµµat?st??? s??a?t?se??
  st?? ?µe????, p???µa p?? s?µa??e? ?t? ta
  d???eµp????? p???a s???? ?ftase st?? ?µe????
  e?t?? ep???? s?de???. ??t a?t??, ?? ?a??????e?e?
  t?? f?te??? µetaf????ta? ?????? µe ?e????st?
  st???, p?? ?p?ee µ??? ap? t?? ????p? p??? t??
  ?µe???? ?a? p?s?.

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???t?a?t??? ????eµp????
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• ? ??a ?????a
• ??a ?????a ep?fe?????e ep?s?? ap? t? t????????
  eµp????, ?a??? p????? ?µp???? ap? t? ??a ?????a,
  ?d?a?te?a st? ???t?? t?? Rhode Island,
  a?t??at?st?sa? t?? ????p? st? t??????. ?  ??a
  ?????a ??a?e ep?s?? ???µ? ap? ???a?? ?a? µe??sa
  t?? ?a?a?ß????, t? ?p??a ap?ste??a? st?? ?f????,
  ?a??? ?a? st?? e?d????a t?? ???? ??sµ??.
• ?a d???eµp????? p???a p?? ?fe??a? ap? t?? ?f????
  ??a t?? ?µe????, pe??e??a? e?at??t?de? s???ß??,
  sf??t? s?s?e?asµ???? se f???t?? s?????e?, ?a?
  ?d?? p??? t? ??? t??? sp?t?.????? t?
  d???eµp????? ?fta?e st?? ?µe????, ?p?epe ?a
  ?ef??t?se? t??? s???ß??? ?a? ?a f??t?se? ??a ?
  pe??ss?te?a p?????ta µe??sa, ???µ?, ???a??, ?
  ?ap?? ?a? st? s????e?a ?a ß??e? p???? ??a t?
  ?e???? ??eta??a, ?ste ?a ?????????e? t? t??????.
  ?d? ?a p??pe? ?a p??µe ?t? de? ??a?a? ??a ta
  d???eµp????? a?t? t? ???a?t?a?a t????????
  d?ad??µ?. ????? p???a ??a?a? ?µe???? p??? t??
  ?f???? ?a? a?t?st??fa ? ap? t?? ?????a ??a ?a
  ?f???? ?a? a?t?st??fa.

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• ?e???? d???eµp????? p???a p?? ?????ta? st??
  ?µe???? ?p?ea? ?ate??e?a? sta ??µ???a ?at? µ????
  t?? a?at?????? a?t??, a? ?a? µe???? staµat??sa?
  st?? ?a?a?ß??? ? t? ??a????a, ?p?? ?p???a?
  µe???e? f?te?e? µe s???ß???.? a???µ?? t??
  ?f???a??? p?? st?????a? ?? s???ß?? st?? ?µe????
  s??t???t??? e?t?µ?ta? se 10 e?at?µµ???a. ?
  a???µ?? a?t?? de? pe???aµß??e? t?? ?????de? p??
  ??asa? t? ??? t??? st? ta??d?. ???sµ??e?
  e?t?µ?se?? ????? ?ata???e? st? s?µp??asµa ?t? t?
  15 ??- 25 t?? ?f???a??? p??a?a? st? ta??d?. ??
  d???eµp???? ??e? µ?a ?st???a e?at??t?d?? et??. ??
  1807 ????????e pa????µ? st?? ?µe????, ?µ??
  s??e??st??e ??a p???? ?????a a??µ? µet? ap? a?t?.
• ? a?a?????? t?? a?at?????? a?t?? t?? ?f????? ?a?
  ? ?at??t?s? ?a? ap?????p???s? t?? ?µe????? ap?
  t??? ????pa???? sta t??? t?? 15o? a???a ?d???se
  se µ?a ????s? t?? d???eµp????? ?a? se ß?a?e?
  µeta????se?? p????sµ?? ap? t?? ?f???? st??
  ?µe???? ??a pe??p?? 3 a???e?.

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Nave Negriera
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• ?????? ?? ???t?????? a??? ?a? ?? ?spa??? ????pta?
  t?? a????e? se e??at??? d??aµ??? st?? ??? ??sµ?
  (?µe????) µe t? µetaf??? ?f???a???. ?? 15o a???a
  p???t?? d????? ap? t?? ?e?t???? ?f???? se a?????
  t?? ??s?? ??at???? ?a? t?? ??d??? ?ta? ?? ??aße?
  ?µp????. ?? ?d??? a?t?? ?µp???? d?a?????sa? ?a?
  ????pa???? d?????? p?? e??a? a??µa??t?ste? ap?
  pe??at?? se ep?d??µ?? st? ??t?a ?ta??a, t??
  ?spa??a ?a? t?? ???t??a??a.

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???t?a?t??? ????eµp????
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• St? ?at????? ?µe???? ?p?d???????a? a????? ap?
  t??? ???t??????? ?a? t??? ?spa???? ?? ?t?p???
  p????sµ??, ?? ??d?????. ?? ??a?e?e?? t?? ?µe?????
  (??d?????) ap?de?at?st??a? se s?et??? s??t?µ?
  ??????? d??st?µa, ???? t?? e?a?t??t???? e??as?a?
  ?a? t?? ßasa??st?????, epe?d? ?p?epe ?a
  e????st?a??st???, a??? ?a? e? a?t?a? t??
  as?e?e??? p?? µetaf?????a? ap? t?? ????p?. ?pe?ta
  ap? a?t?, ????se ? ß?a?? e?sa???? ?f???a???, t??
  ?p???? ap?????? e??a? ?? s?µe????? µa????
  (?f??aµe???a???) ??t????? t?? ??t?a? ?a?
  ?e?t????? ?µe?????.

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?? ??at?a?t??? ????eµp????
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• ?at? t? 16o a???a a????e? ?a s?µµet??e? st?
  d???eµp???? ?a? ? ??eta??a, ? ?p??a µe p??eµ????
  e????e?e? aµf?sß?te? t? p????µ?? t??
  ???t??a??a? ?a p??µ??e?e? t?? ?µe???? µe d??????.
  ?????? t?? ???????? s a?t? t?? p??sp??e?a ???a?
  ?? G?????, ?? ???a?d??, ?? ?a??? ?a? ?? ?p?????
  t?? ???e?a? ?µe?????. ?? 1713, ? ??eta??a
  ap?spase te???? t? ap???e?st??? d??a??µa ?a
  p??µ??e?e? ? eta???a British South Sea Company
  t?? aµe???????? ?pe??? µe s???ß???.

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Jamestown, Virginia, logo 1907
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• ?? p??t?? ?f???a??? s???ß?? ?ftasa? t? 1619 st?
  Jamestown (Virginia) t?? ???e?a? ?µe?????. ?
  ??µ??? ??s? a?t?? t?? a????p?? pe????af?ta? ??
  limited servitude (pe?????sµ??? d???e?a) ?a? ?ta?
  ?µ??a µe a?t? ?e???? ?a? ??a?e??? (e?????de?µ??)
  d?????. Sta ?t? 1641 st? Massachusetts, t? 1650
  st? Connecticut ?a? t? 1661 st? Virginia
  ap?fas?st??a? ?? p??t?? ??µ?? ??a t? d???e?a p??
  af????sa? t? µeta?e???s? d????? p?? e??a?
  d?apete?se?.

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• St? de?te?? µ?s? t?? 17o? a???a a?apt?????e st??
  ??t?e? epa???e? t?? ???e?a? ?µe????? t? s?st?µa
  t?? µe????? a????t?µ?t?? (f?te?e?), t? ?p???
  apa?t??se te??st?? a???µ? e??at???? ?e????. ?ts?
  ????se ? µa???? e?sa???? µa???? d????? ap? t??
  ?f????. ?e????? pa????e? p??e?? t?? s?µe????? ???
  a?apt?????a? a????? ?? d???eµp????? ???t?a.

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1619 Africans landed at Jamestown, Virginia.
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• St?? ß??e?e? epa???e? t?? a??????? ap??????
  apas??????ta? ?? µa???? ?????? st?? ????a??? ?a?
  a???t???? e??as?e?, st?? ??t?e? epa???e? ?µ??
  ?????? st?? f?te?e?. Stad?a?? ????e ? pa???s?a
  t?? (?µ?s???) d????? st?? f?te?e? ??????µ????
  pa?????, ????? t?? ?p??? ? a???t??? pa?a???? de?
  ?ta? a?ta????st???. ?ts?, t?? ep??? t?? p???µ??
  t?? aµe????????? a?e?a?t?s?a? (1776-1783) ??
  µa???? e??a? µetat?ape? µe e?d????? s???????
  ??µ??? se d?????? µe p???? e???t?s? ap? t??
  ????? t???, ??a t??? ?p????? a?t?? e??e d??a??µa
  ???? ?a? ?a??t?? µ?a ep?st??f? st?? s?????e?
  t?? a??a?a? ??µ??.

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??eta???? d???eµp????? p???? S?µf??a µe t???
?a????sµ???
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??eta???? d???eµp????? p???? S?µf??a µe t???
?a????sµ???
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• Sta t??? t?? 18o? a???a e?te???sa? ta e???????a
  eµp????? p???a ta??d?a ??a t?? ?????? t??
  ?e??µe??? t????????? eµp????? µet?fe?a? ap? ta
  ß?eta???? ??µ???a, ?????? t? ??ße?p???, µ?ta??a,
  ?f?sµata ?a? ?p?a st? ß?s? t?? Cape Coast st?
  s?µe???? G???a t?? ??t???? ?f?????.

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????eµp???? p????e?s? t?? s???ß??
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• ?p? e?e? pa?a??µßa?a? ?ea???? ???????, t???
  ?p????? st??ßa?a? sta aµp???a t?? p????? ?a? t???
  pa??d?da?, ?s??? ep????sa?, se d???eµp????? sta
  ??s?? t?? ?a?a?ß????.

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?pe?????s? t?? ??ass???? µ??t???? t?? ??????????
eµp?????
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?pe?????s? t?? t????????? eµp????? t?? s???ß??,
t?? ???a???, t?? ???µ?, ?a? µe t? ??a ?????a a?t?
t?? ????p?? st?? t??t? ????a.
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• ?p?st??f??ta? de p??? sta ß?eta???? ??µ???a
  µet?fe?a? ???a??, ?ap?? ?.?. ??t?µ?ta? ?t? sta
  p?a?s?a a?t?? t?? t????????? eµp?????
  µetaf?????a? pe?? ta 13 e?at?µµ???a ?f???a???
  st?? aµe???????? ?pe???.

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??eta???? d???eµp????? p???? S?µf??a µe t???
?a????sµ???
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• ??p??a ?p?t?p?d? d??a??µata t?? d????? t??
  ?µe????? p?? p???ß?epa? ?? ??µ?? st?? ???, p.?.
  ?at???? pe???a??? st? ???a?, a? ?fta?a? p?t? se
  t?t??a ?????a, d??at?t?ta ep?????? d????????,
  a??? ?a? t? d??a??µa ??a ???st?a???? ?at???s?,
  ?ta? st?? p?a?µat???t?ta ?e?? ???µµa. ??t? p??
  d?af???p????se t??? µa????? t?? 18?? a???a st??
  aµe???????? ??t? ap? t??? a??a???? d?????? ?ta?
  t? d??a??µa ?a d?µ???????? ???????e?a ?a? ?a
  d?a??t??? ?d??t??? pe????s?a, p??ta ?µ?? µe t?
  s?µf??? ???µ? t?? ?????? t???.

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• ? ??? t?? µa???? st?? aµe???????? ??t?
  pe?????feta?, e?t?? ap? ??????????f??? t?? ep????
  ?a? ap? p?????? ????t???e? (Harriet Beecher Stowe
  (1811-1896, p?? ?ta? ?at? t?? d???e?a?) ? ?a??ßa
  t?? ?p??µpa-T?µ? ? ? ??? µe t??? ?ape?????,
  1852), ?? ?p???? µet?fe?a? se ??? t? µ??f?µ???
  ??sµ? (t?te pe??p?? ? ????p?), ?d??? ?at? t? 19?
  a???a, t?? p????f???e? ??a ta s?µßa????ta st??
  ?µe????.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852 pe?.
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Uncle Tom?s Cabin or Life Among the Lowly?
?a??ßa t?? ?p??µpa T?µ??? ??? µe t??? ?ape?????
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• ?? pe????af?? a?t?? a?af????ta? se e????µata
  ????? ????se?? ap? ?e????? ?t?µat?e? a??? ?a?
  e???te?, ?p?? ?µad???? ß?asµ?? ????ts??? ?a?
  ???a????, sf????sµa d????? µe p??a?t?µ??? s?de??,
  µa????? e?te??se?? d?apet?? ?t?. ????? t?? ??????
  t?? aµe????????? eµf????? p???µ?? t? 1861,
  a?af????ta? f????ast??? ?e????ta ??a t?
  µeta?e???s? µa???? d????? st?? f?te?e? t?? ??t???
  p???te??? t?? ?µe?????.

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Charles Caroll,The Negro ? beast
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• Se ??? t? d????e?a t?? d???eµp?????, t? ?p???
  ap?fe?e te??st?a ???d? st?? ???????e? t??
  ????pa??? ep????? st?? ?µe????, p??sp???sa?
  d??f???? ?e?????? ?a e????s??? ?t? ? d???e?a
  e??a? s?µßat? µe t? ???st?a???? ???s?e?a, p.?.
  ?t? ?? µa???? ?????p?? e??a? d?asta???s? t??
  ???? µe ?????? p?????, ??a e?te??? ß????????
  e?d??. ??t? ap? t?? ?e?????-?e?ap?st??? Thomas
  Thompson (se µ?????af?a t?? sta t??? t?? 18??
  a???a), ap? t?? ?a????t? Charles Caroll (The
  Negro a beast, 1900) ?.?.

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William Wilberforce (17591833)http//en.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce
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• ? William Wilberforce (24 ?????st?? 1759 - 1729
  ???? 1833) ?ta? ??a? ?????? p???t????,
  f???????p?? ?a? ???t?? t?? ????µat?? ??a t??
  ?at????s? t?? d???eµp?????. Ge??????e st?
  Kingston upon Hull, st? Yorkshire. ?e????se t??
  p???t??? t?? ?a????a t? 1780 ?a? ????e te????
  a?e???t?t? µ???? t?? ?????ß?????? t?? G????sa??
  (1784-1812). ?? 1785, p??s???t?st??e ?a? ????e
  e?a??e??st?? ???st?a???, ??t? p?? ?d???se se
  s?µa?t???? a??a??? st?? t??p? ???? t?? ?a? st?
  d?a ß??? e?d?af???? t?? ??a µeta????µ?se??. ??
  1787, ???e se epaf? µe t?? Thomas Clarkson ?a?
  µ?a ?µ?da a?t?-d???eµp?????? a?t?ß?st??,
  s?µpe???aµßa??µ???? ?a? t?? Granville Sharp,
  Hannah More ?a? Charles Middleton. ?pe?sa?
  Wilberforce ?a p??e? ep??? t?? t? ??t?µa t??
  ?at????s?? t?? d???e?a?, ?a? s??t?µa ????e ??a?
  ap? t??? ????fa???? ??????? a?t?d???eµp???st??.
  ?p???e ep??efa??? t?? ?????ß???e?t????
  e?st?ate?a? e???t?a st? ß?eta???? d???eµp???? ??a
  e???s? ??? ?????a µ???? t?? ??f?s? t?? ??µ?? ??a
  t?? ?at????s? t?? eµp????? s???ß?? t? 1807.

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• Billie Holiday, ?a???e?a F???ta (st????)
• ?a d??t?a t?? ??t?? ????? pa???e?a f???ta,??µa
  sta f???a ?a? a?µa st? ???a,?a??a ???µ??
  a??????ta? st?? a??a t?? ??t??,?a???e?a f???ta
  ???µ??ta? ap? t?? ?e??e?.
• ????????? s???? t?? ?e??a??? ??t??,??t?a
  peta?µ??a ap? t?? ????e? t???, st??µµ??a
  st?µata,???µa ap? µa????e?, ????? ?a?
  f??s??,?a? t?te ?af???? µ???d?? ?aµµ???? s???a?.
• ?d? e??a? ta f???ta ??a ?a ?????? ta ??????a,?a
  ta µa???e? ? ß????, ?a ta ???f??e? ? ??eµ??,?a
  ta sap?se? ? ?????, ?a ta ?????? ta d??t?a,?d?
  e??a? µ?a pa???e?? ?a? p???? s?de??.