Next theories

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Next theories

• Keep the empirical rigor of behaviorism and add.
  . . .
• Cognition, thought, motivation, etc.
• Social learning
• In Skinner box animals are alone
• We learn by watching others!
• Treat humans as active in selecting their
  environment
• In Skinner box a rat is placed in there
• We select our environments and they will change
  because we are in them
• You at a party!

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Theories

• Dollard and Millers Social Learning Theory
• Rotters Social Learning Theory
• Banduras Social Learning Theory

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Dollard Miller
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Dollard and Miller

• Combines behaviorism and Freudian theory!

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Habit Hierarchy

• All the behaviors a person might do
• From most likely to least likely

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Habit Hierarchy
Talk to Ponch
Get a drink
Talk to a woman
In a bar
Comb hair
But, this can change based on reinforcement or
punishment
Flex muscles
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Activity

• Create your own habit hierarchy for being in the
  classroom
• List Top 5 habits
• Why do you think these are the top 5?
• How do you think we could change these?

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• In order to learn -- John (an organism) must
• 1) Want something (a woman)
• 2) Notice something (perceive the woman)
• 3) Do something (talk to the woman)
• 4) Get something (a smile)

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Note

• This is already different than behaviorism
• Dollard and Miller
• Motivation (want something)
• Perception (notice something)

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Note

• This is already different than behaviorism
• Behaviorism
• Learning changes behavior
• Dollard and Miller
• Learning changes the HH
• HH is a non-observable psychological entity

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What do you want?

• Drives
• A psychological tension that feels good when it
  is reduced.

Need
Drive
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Drives

• Primary Drives
• Biologically built-in drives
• Food, water, sex, avoid pain, etc.
• Secondary Drives
• Psychologically based
• Love, prestige, money, power, etc.
• Learned by being paired with primary drives

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Imagine
John asks the Charlie's Angels out on a date
John gets rejected!
Is upset so he goes riding with Ponch
Arrests a person for no reason at all!
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Why?

• Freud
• Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
• Natural reaction for any person (or animal) to
  being blocked from a goal, will be the urge to
  lash out or injure.
• The more important the goal, the greater will be
  the aggressive impulse

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

• Different than Freud
• No ID is needed (or ego)
• Same as Freud
• Displacement
• e.g., riots
• Sublimation (can be constructive)

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What is fun?
The story about me in the book
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• Conflict between desire and fear
• Changes over time

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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 1) An increase in drive strength will increase
  the tendency to approach or avoid a goal

VS.
If John wants to relieve a drive more than Ponch,
John will also want the goal more!
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 2) Whenever there are two competing responses,
  the stronger one (the one with the greater drive)
  will win out.

Drive Companionship
Drive Avoid rejection
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal
  increases the closer the one is to the goal

John sees the Angels across the room
John talks to them
John asks them back to his place
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal
  increases the closer the one is to the goal

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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 4) The tendency to avoid a negative goal also
  increases the closer one is to the goal

John sees the Angels across the room
John talks to them
John asks them back to his place
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.

Avoidance
Approach
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.

Avoidance
Approach
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.

Avoidance
Approach
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

• 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.

Avoidance
Approach
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Group Activity

• Have you ever had something in the future that
  you were both looking forward to and dreading?
• Did your feelings about it change over time in
  the way Dollard and Miller describe?

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Defense Mechanisms

• Freuds explanation
• Dollard and Miller
• Negative Reinforcement
• A reward that consists of the withdrawal of
  aversive stimuli

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Defense Mechanisms

• Negative Reinforcement
• Any stopping of pain or anxiety is negatively
  reinforcing
• The behavior that occurred before such cessation
  will become more likely

Put your hand in the fire!
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Defense Mechanisms

• Dollard and Miller
• DM are cognitive behaviors that are negatively
  reinforced because they remove anxiety

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Defense Mechanism

• Denial
• Repression
• Reaction Formation
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Intellectualization

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Defense Mechanisms

• Freud vs. Dollard and Miller
• Freud was right . . . . Perhaps too complicated
• Principle of Parsimony

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Rotters Social Learning Theory
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Markey's Casino
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Blamoooooo
All games cost 10
Jackpot 100
Jackpot 1,000
Odds .000001
Odds 50
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Rotter

• Behaviorism would predict you would go for the
  biggest reward
• However, your beliefs (i.e., expectancies) are
  also important!
• Expectancy Value Theory

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Elements

• Behavior Potential (BP)
• The probability that you will perform the
  behavior in question
• Higher the BP, more likely you will do it!

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Elements

• Expectancy (E)
• A persons belief about how likely a behavior will
  bring about a goal

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Expectancy

• If you ask a person out will they say yes?

• If you think so
• Asking out has high expectancy
• If you do not think so
• Asking out has low expectancy

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Expectancy

• It is a belief
• Objective odds matter less then subjective odds
• Lottery!

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Expectancy

• Specific (E)
• Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time
• If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say
  yes?

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Questionnaire

• LC questionnaire

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Expectancy

• Specific (E)
• Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time
• If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say
  yes?
• General (GE)
• Belief if anything a person does is likely to
  make a difference
• Nothing I do is going to matter anyway why
  bother asking Batman or anyone out!

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Expectancy

• General Expectancy
• Like a trait
• High GE (Internal locus of control)
• Energetic, highly motivated
• Low GE (External locus of control)
• Depressed, low motivation

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Expectancy

• Both E and GE are important

E Expectancy for a behavior to bring about a
reward GE General expectancy E Specific
expectancy for the behavior N number of times
you have been in this situation
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Elements

• Reinforcement Value (RV)
• The subjective benefit of a reward
• How much do you really care about the outcome?

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Reinforcement Value

• How much do you care about getting that date?
• How much do you care if you are rejected?
• How much do you care about doing school work
  instead?
• Note RV is a relative term!

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Putting it all together

• How do you predict BP?

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Putting it all together

• How do you predict BP?
• Psychological Situation
• These values change as a result of the situation

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Will you dance or take notes?
Notes FUN E .01 GOOD GRADES E
.50 Dance FUN E .30 GOOD GRADES E .01
RV Fun .30 Good Grades .90
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Will you dance or take notes?
Notes FUN E .01 BP .003 GOOD GRADES E
.50 BP .45 Dance FUN E .30 BP
.009 GOOD GRADES E .01 BP .003
RV Fun .30 Good Grades .90
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Will you dance or take notes?
Notes FUN E .01 GOOD GRADES E
.20 Dance FUN E .80 GOOD GRADES E .001
RV Fun .95 Good Grades .05
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Will you dance or take notes?
Notes FUN E .01 BP .009 GOOD GRADES E
.20 BP .01 Dance FUN E .80 BP .72 GOOD
GRADES E .01 BP .009
RV Fun .95 Good Grades .05
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Imagine

• High RV
• Low E
• What might happen?

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John wants a date really bad! Doesnt think he
can get one.
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Maladjustment
Excessive time spent fantasizing Failure to
develop social relationships Failure to develop
social skills Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Imagine

• Two behaviors have high RV?
• What might happen?

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John wants to dedicate his life to the
ladies! John wants to dedicate his life to
police work!
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Maladjustment
Feel conflict Erratic and unpredictable
behavior Neither may be accomplished
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Therapy

• Focuses on the conscious and rational mind
• 1) What can you do?
• 2) What do you want?
• Importance of minimal goal level
• Importance of prioritizing desires