The American Revolution

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The American Revolution
Eugenia langan Mater academy charter high
school Hialeah gardens, florida with thanks to
tony miller and susan pojer
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• Essential questions
• Narrow
• What were the causes of the American
  Revolution?
• What were the important events of the war?
• Broad
• to what extent was there an american identity by
  the time of the revolution?
• how revolutionary was the american revolution?

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Revolutions conservative and radical
Conservative revolutionary leaders step into
shoes of old leaders
Meet the new boss, same as the old boss!
Radical total change in political / social
structure ex sans-culottism
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Long- Range Causes

• 1. EMERGING AMERICAN IDENTITY (EVOLVING SINCE
  MID-17TH C!)
• Hector St-Jean CrÈvecoeurs
• Letters from an American Farmer (PHD 4-9)
  What is this American, this new man?

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2. Enlightenment Ideals

• DEISM AND NATURAL LAW (BASED ON NEWTONIAN
  PHYSICS
• MAKER OF UNIVERSE MASTER MECHANIC WHO
  ESTABLISHED NATURAL LAWS TO RUN IT AND LEFT IT
  ALONE AFTER THAT
• OUR FOUNDING FATHERS WERE DEISTS, NOT
  CHRISTIANS!

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• ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHER MOST INFLUENTIAL ON
  AMERICA JOHN LOCKE

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LOCKES CONCEPT OF NATURAL LAW RIGHTS AND THE
SOCIAL CONTRACT

• IN HIS SECOND TREATISE ON GOVERNMENT LOCKE
  ARGUED
• HUMANS HAVE NATURAL RIGHTS TO LIFE, LIBERTY AND
  PROPERTY
• 2) TO PROTECT THOSE RIGHTS, PEOPLE ENTER INTO
  SOCIAL CONTRACT AND ESTABLISH GOVERNMENT
• 3) IF GOVERNMENT TAKES AWAY THOSE RIGHTS, PEOPLE
  HAVE THE RIGHT TO REVOLUTION

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3. RESENTMENT OF BRITAIN

• FRENCH INDIAN WAR/ PROCLAMATION OF 1763
• END OF SALUTARY NEGLECT INTERFERENCE IN
  COLONIAL AFFAIRS
• TAXATION!

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• THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN
• NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
• RIGHT TO ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES
• RIGHT TO TRIALS BY JURY IN COMMON LAW COURTS,
  RIGHT OF HABEAS CORPUS
• RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS

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4. BRITAINS TAX LAWS ? PROTESTS AGAINST BRITAIN

• Sugar Act (1764)
• Stamp Act (1765)
• Townshend Duties (1767)
• Tea Act (1772)

N.B. TAXES HAD TO BE PAID IN SPECIE!
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Colonial Reaction TO TAX LAWS

• Resistance to British authority
• Boycotts
• CONGRESSES, Petitions to Parliament and the Crown
• Riots and the Threat of Violence

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SUGAR ACT (1764)

• FIRST EXPLICIT TAX LAW
• REDUCED DUTY ON SUGAR IMPORTED FROM NON-BRITISH
  COLONIES
• PROVIDED FOR TRIALS OF
• VIOLATORS IN ADMIRALTY
• COURT (NO JURY)
• AUTHORIZED COURTS TO
• ISSUE WRITS OF ASSISTANCE
• (SEARCH WARRANTS)

JAMES OTIS WEALTHY LAWYER/ POLITICIAN ARGUED V.
WRITS/ STAMP ACT CONGRESS/ AUTHOR REVOLUTIONARY
PAMPHLETS
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Father of the Revolution
POLITICIAN REPRESENTED BOSTON IN ASSEMBLY!
SUGAR ACT HURT ONLY N.E. DISTILLERS/ SMUGGLERS
BUT ADAMS ARGUED AGAINST IT AS TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION
1772 PORTRAIT BY JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY
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Stamp Act (1765)
STAMP REQUIRED ON ALL DOCUMENTS AFFECTED CITY
PEOPLE MORE THAN OTHERS (ESP. PEOPLE ON
FRONTIER!) ABOVE ACTUAL STAMPS, AND VERSION
IN COLONIAL POLITICAL CARTOON
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COLONIAL REACTION TO STAMP ACT

• NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS Boycotts OF BRITISH
  GOODS
• VIOLENT Protests - (SONS OF LIBERTY) EXAMPLE
  MOB BROKE INTO, VANDALIZED OF MASSACHUSETTS
  GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON
• DID SAM ADAMS STIR UP THE MOB? SOMEONE DID!
• NON-VIOLENT PROTEST STAMP ACT CONGRESS major
  step ? union

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Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress (1765)

• 1st. That His Majesty's subjects in these
  colonies owe the same allegiance to the crown of
  Great Britain that is owing from his subjects
  born within the realm, and all due subordination
  to that august body, the Parliament of Great
  Britain.
• 2d. That His Majesty's liege subjects in these
  colonies are entitled to all the inherent rights
  and privileges of his natural born subjects
  within the kingdom of Great Britain.
• 3d. That it is inseparably essential to the
  freedom of a people, and the undoubted rights of
  Englishmen, that no taxes should be imposed on
  them, but with their own consent, given
  personally, or by their representatives.

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Repeal and Declaratory Act (1766)

• Parliament assembled, had, hath, and of right
  ought to have, full power and authority to make
  laws and statutes of sufficient force and
  validity to bind the colonies and people of
  America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain,
  in all cases whatsoever.

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Townshend Revenue Acts (1767)

• IMPOSED IMPORT DUTIES ON LEAD, PAINT, GLASS,
  PAPER AND TEA (BRITISH GOODS PURE TAX!)
• THIS HURT EVERYONE SOME BUT MOSTLY PEOPLE WHO
  COULD AFFORD THOSE THINGS!

CHARLES CHAMPAGNE CHARLIE TOWNSHEND, CHANCELLOR
OF EXCHEQUER THOUGHT COLONISTS WOULD
ACCEPT INDIRECT TAX
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JOHN DICKINSON IN HIS LETTERS FROM A
PENNSYLVANIA FARMER (PHD 4-5) HE ARGUED THAT
TOWNSHEND ACTS WERE UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND
CALLED FOR NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS HE WAS
ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST MEN IN THE COLONIES AND A
POLITICIAN
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The Bostonians Paying the Excise Man BRITISH
POLITICAL CARTOON
DEPICTS SONS OF LIBERTY TARRING AND FEATHERING OF
TAX COLLECTOR ACTUAL EVENT
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PAUL REVERES ENGRAVING OF BRITISH TROOPS
ARRIVING IN BOSTON, 1768
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Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)
BOSTON MOB STARTED IT 5 COLONISTS KILLED,
INCLUDING RUNAWAY SLAVE CRISPUS ATTUCKS SAM
ADAMS NAMED IT BOSTON MASSACRE
? CAUSE CÉLÉBRE THROUGHOUT COLONIES
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COMPARE PAUL REVERES DRAWIMG OF BOSTON MASSACRE
(TOP) WITH 1856 DEPICTION. WHATS DIFFERENT?
WHY?
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PAUL REVERE BY JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY (1768)
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LAWYER JOHN ADAMS, LEADING PATRIOT, DEFENDED THE
BRITISH SOLDIERS WHO SHOT COLONISTS AT BOSTON
MASSACRE AND GOT THEM OFF! HE BECAME
AMBASSADOR, VICE PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT OF U.S.
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The Gaspée Incident (1772)
RHODE ISLAND COLONISTS SACKED AND BURNED BRITISH
REVENUE FRIGATE THAT RAN AGROUND NEAR PROVIDENCE
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Committees of Correspondence

• SAM ADAMSS IDEA
• PURPOSE WARN NEIGHBORING COLONIES ABOUT
  INCIDENTS WITH BRITISH
• BY 1773, EVERY COLONY HAD ONE AS PART OF COLONIAL
  LEGISLATURE
• STEP TO UNION AND SEDITIOUS!

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Tea Act (1773)

• REDUCED TAX ON BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY TEA
• MEAN CHEAPER TEA FOR COLONISTS
• HURT N.E. TEA MERCHANTS WHO SOLD DUTCH TEA

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Boston Tea Party (1774)
SONS OF LIBERTY DUMPED 342 TONS OF TEA INTO
BOSTON HARBOR ?
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The Coercive or REPRESSIVE or IntolerableActs
(1774)
1. Boston Port Act
2. Government Act
3. New Quartering Act
4. Administration of Justice Act
Lord North
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Quebec Act (1774) MADE LAND SPECULATORS UNHAPPY
COLONISTS FEARED BRITAIN WAS TRYING TO RECRUIT
FRENCH CANADIANS TO FIGHT ON ITS SIDE IF WAR
OCCURRED
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First Continental Congress (1774)

• 55 delegates from 12 colonies (ALL BUT GEORGIA)
• UNICAMERAL
• 1 VOTE/ COLONY

Agenda ? How to respond to the Coercive Acts
the Quebec Act?
.
CARPENTERS HALL, PHILADELPHIA, WHERE CONGRESS
MET
CONGRESS DOESNT GET TO DECIDE!
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• THE WAR BEGINS
• BATTLES OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, APRIL 19, 1775
• 700 BRITISH REGULARS SET OUT FROM BOSTON TO TAKE
  ARSENAL OF COLONIAL MILITIA AT CONCORD
• COLONISTS KNEW IT WOULD HAPPEN ADVANCE JOHN
  ADAMS, JOHN HANCOCK, PAUL REVERE, ET AL. WERE IN
  CONCORD THE WEEK BEFORE BUT NOT WHEN BRITISH
  WOULD ATTACK

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The British Are Coming
Listen, my children, and you shall hear, Of the
midnight ride of Paul Revere. . . (Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow) BUT REVERE WAS CAPTURED
EN ROUTE! WILLIAM DAWES WARNED THE MILITIAMEN!
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• 77 MILITIAMEN MET REDCOATS AT LEXINGTON, 8
  KILLED, FELL BACK TOWARD BOSTON
• AT CONCORD, 250 MILITIAMEN TURNED BACK 3
  COMPANIES OF REDCOATS AT OLD NORTH BRIDGE

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19TH C. PAINTING OF BATTLE OF LEXINGTON
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ACCORDING TO RALPH WALDO EMERSON IN CONCORD
HYMN BY THE RUDE BRIDGE THAT ARCHED THE
FLOOD THEIR FLAGS TO APRILS BREEZE
UNFURLED, HERE ONCE THE EMBATTLED FARMERS
STOOD AND FIRED THE SHOT HEARD ROUND THE WORLD.
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• AFTER COLONIAL VICTORY AT CONCORD,
• MILITIAMEN (JOINED BY ABOUT 3,500 MORE) CHASE
  SURVIVING REDCOATS BACK TO BOSTON AND LAY SEIGE
  TO THE CITY!
• SEIGE LASTS 11 MONTHS . . .

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CONTEMPORANEOUS MAP OF BATTLES, SIEGE
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• MEANWHILE, THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
  CONVENED, MAY 1775 IMMEDIATELY DUBBED MILITIA
  THE CONTINENTAL ARMY AND APPOINTED GEORGE
  WASHINGTON GENERAL C-IN-C
• JULY 8, 1775 CONGRESS ADOPTED
• THE OLIVE BRANCH PETITION

"...the apprehensions which now oppress our
hearts with unspeakable grief, being once
removed, your Majesty will find your faithful
subjects on this continent ready and willing at
all times...to assert and maintain the rights and
interests of your Majesty and of our Mother
Country."
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The debate over independence thomas Paine,
Common Sense
IN THE EARLIEST ESSAYS IN THE AMERICAN CRISIS,
PAINE ARGUED FOR INDEPENDENCE. HE CONTINUED TO
PUBLISH THROUGHOUT THE WAR IN SUPPORT OF THE
REVOLUTION
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JULY 4, 1776, CONGRESS ADOPTS THE DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE FINALLY!
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INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA
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BEN FRANKLIN, JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON
WORKING ON THE DECLARATION JEFFERSON WAS THE
MAIN AUTHOR
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PREAMBLE TO DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
that among these are life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness. That to secure these
rights, governments are instituted among men,
deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed. That whenever any form of
government becomes destructive to these ends, it
is the right of the people to alter or to abolish
it, and to institute new government, laying its
foundation on such principles and organizing its
powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
likely to effect their safety and happiness.
Whose ideas are these?
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• the declaration continues with a list of
  complaints against king george iii, including
• he taxed colonists without representation
• he quartered soldiers in colonists homes
• he dissolved colonial legislatures
• he turned the merciless Indian Savages against
  colonists on the frontiers
• Read the declaration!

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• UNDER THE ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS (1689), THE
  KING WAS A FIGUREHEAD
• PARLIAMENT IS SOVEREIGN AND THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE
  OFFICER IS THE PRIME MINISTER

GEORGE III

• WHY DID THE AUTHORS OF THE DECLARATION BLAME
  EVERYTHING ON THE KING?

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• ABIGAIL ADAMS
• SHE WROTE TO HER HUSBAND JOHN WHEN HE WAS
  WORKING ON THE DECLARATION, REMEMBER THE
  LADIES.
• HE WROTE BACK SAYING MEN WOULD NOT BE RULED BY
  THE DESPOTISM OF THE PETTICOAT.

• SHE WROTE BACK TO HIM, REMEMBER THAT ARBITRARY
  POWER IS LIKE MOST OTHER THINGS THAT ARE VERY
  HARD, LIABLE TO BE BROKEN.
• (PHD 5-5)

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THE WAR

• 1775 1781 (THE FIGHTING)
• 1775 1783 (FROM START TO TREATY OF PARIS)
• BATTLES TO KNOW
• LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, APRIL 19, 1775
• FORT TICONDEROGA, MAY 10, 1775
• SEIGE OF BOSTON APRIL 19, 1775 MARCH 17, 1776
  -- INCLUDES BUNKER HILL, JUNE 17, 1775
• NEW YORK/ NEW JERSEY, AUGUST OCTOBER 1776
• TRENTON, DECEMBER 26, 1776
• SARATOGA, JUNE OCTOBER 1777
• YORKTOWN, OCTOBER 19, 1781

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Revolutionary War

• Great Britain
• Advantages
• Large economy based on world empire.
• Well established government - Constitutional
  Monarchy.
• Professional Army
• Large Royal Navy (Although challenged for
  supremacy by French Navy.)
• Disadvantages
• Long Lines of Communication
• Fighting on Foreign Soil
• American Colonies
• Advantages
• Fighting on Home Turf
• Ready market of resources
• Disadvantages
• Weak government Continental Congress.
• Economy designed to support Britain in
  mercantilist system.
• Disunity - Loyalists or Tories make up one third
  of population. AND ONLY ABOUT 45 SUPPORT
  REVOLUTION

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• FRANKLINS CARTOON WAS RE-CIRCULATED DURING THE
  REVOLUTION
• FAILED TO PERSUADE ABOUT 1/3 OF COLONISTS, WHO
  WERE LOYALISTS - MOSTLY IN THE SOUTH
• ALSO FAILED TO PERSUADE EVEN PATRIOTS TO SUPPORT
  WAR WITH - STATE LEGISLATURES STINGY
  THROUGHOUT MUCH OF WAR

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• WHY WAS THE SOUTH LARGELY LOYAL TO BRITAIN?
• THE SOUTH WAS ABSOLUTELY DEPENDENT ON EXPORTING
  ITS CASH CROPS TO BRITAIN!
• THIS WILL BECOME A SOURCE OF SECTIONAL CONFLICT
  AS THE NORTH BECOMES INCREASINGLY INDUSTRIALIZED
  ? CIVIL WAR!

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Strategies

• British
• Command of the Sea
• Blockade American ports.
• Transport troops to areas of rebellion
  (mobility).
• Hudson River Valley
• Cut off New England from middle and southern
  colonies.
• Rally Loyalist Support in South
• American
• War of Attrition Wear down British forces.
• Diplomacy
• Gain European allies with large navies - France.
• Commerce Raiding/ Privateering

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• CAPTURE OF FT. TICONDEROGA BY ETHAN ALLEN AND
  THE GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS W/ BENEDICT ARNOLD, MAY
  10, 1775
• BRITISH COMMANDER HANDED OVER THE FORT W/O
  FIGHTING
• SIGNIFICANCE ARTILLERY AT FT. TICONDEROGA ?
  BOSTON (WILL ALLOW WASHINGTON TO TAKE CITY)

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• SEIGE OF BOSTON APRIL 19, 1775 MARCH 17,
  1776
• BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL, JUNE 17, 1775
• WAVES OF REDCOATS, UNDER BRITISH GENERAL HOWE
  ATTACK 1200 AMERICANS IN FORTIFICATIONS ON
  BREEDS HILL
• BRITISH SUFFERED 1,024 CASUALTIES (INCLUDING 62
  OFFICERS ABOUT 224 DEATHS) PUSHED AMERICANS
  BACK TO BUNKER HILL
• PYRRHIC VICTORY FOR BRITISH ? STALEMATE AFTER
  HIGH CASUALTIES
• SHOWED COLONISTS COULD DEFEND AGAINST BRITS.
• (REMEMBER, OLIVE BRANCH PETITION IS A MONTH
  LATER!)

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Breed's Hill
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• EARLY MARCH, 1776 AMERICAN COLONEL HENRY KNOX
  ARRIVES IN BOSTON WITH THE ARTILLERY CAPTURED
  FROM FT. TICONDEROGA ?
• MAY 17, 1776 - WASHINGTON DEFEATS BRITISH UNDER
  HOWE AT BOSTON, BRITISH EVACUATE VIA SEA

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• BUT THEN THE TIDE TURNS
• NEW YORK NEW JERSEY
• HOWE AND CORNWALLIS LANDS ON LONG ISLAND
  AUGUST 27, 1776 BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND (LARGEST OF
  WAR)
• CORNWALLIS DRIVES WASHINGTON BACK FIRST TO
  BROOKLYN, THEN MANHATTAN, THEN ACROSS NEW JERSEY
  AND ACROSS DELAWARE TO PHILADELPHIA BY DECEMBER

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CORNWALLIS
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AT THAT POINT, THOMAS PAINE WROTE INTHE
AMERICAN CRISIS These are the times that try
men's souls The summer soldier and the sunshine
patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the
service of his country but he that stands by it
now, deserves the love and thanks of man and
woman.
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• CHRISTMAS, 1776 WASHINGTON CROSSED DELAWARE
  FOR SNEAK ATTACK ON BRITISH WINTER GARRISON AT
  TRENTON

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• TRENTON, DECEMBER 26, 1776
• EARLY-MORNING SNEAK ATTACK ? WASHINGTONS MEN
  CAPTURE ABOUT 1,000 VERY SURPRISED HESSIAN
  MERCENARIES AT GARRISON
• CORNWALLIS HEADED TOWARD AMERICAN TROOPS ?
  JANUARY 3, 1777 DECISIVE AMERICAN VICTORY AT
  PRINCETON
• SIGNIFICANCE NOW MORE AMERICANS THINK VICTORY
  IS POSSIBLE STATES BEGIN TO COUGH UP A LITTLE
  -- BUT NOT MUCH!
• (CONTINENTAL CONGRESS BORROWED TO FUND WAR SO
  DID SOME NORTHERN STATES)

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STATUE OF WASHINGTON IN WASHINGTON CIRCLE, D.C.
AND PAINTING COMMEMORATE HIS VICTORY AT TRENTON
WHY TRENTON? HIS LAST HEROIC VICTORY NEXT
SIGNIFICANT BATTLE HOWE TOOK PHILADELPHIA SEPT.
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BUT WASHINGTON IS STILL C-IN-C
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• VALLEY FORGE
• WASHINGTON AND 12,000 CONTINENTAL SOLDIERS
  SPEND WINTER OF 1777-1788 AT VALLEY FORGE (ABOUT
  20 MI. FROM PHILADELPHIA)
• SHORTAGES OF FOOD, UNIFORMS, SHOES, UNSANITARY
  CONDITIONS ? 2,500 MEN DIED OF DISEASES AND
  STARVATION OVER THE WINTER

STATES JUST WOULDNT COUGH UP MUCH FOR TROOPS!
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POPULAR IMAGES OF VALLEY FORGE (N.B. WASHINGTON
WAS PROBABLY A DEIST HE REFUSED TO ATTEND
CHURCH!) WHAT HE SAID ABOUT VALLEY FORGE Naked
and starving as they areWe cannot enough
admireThe incomparable Patience and Fidelity of
the Soldiery
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• THE TURNING POINT SARATOGA (JUNE-OCTOBER 1777)
• BRITISH, UNDER BURGOYNE, SET OUT TO TAKE
  HUDSON VALLEY PATHWAY FOR INVASION FROM CANADA
• DECISIVE AMERICAN VICTORY UNDER GENERALS
  HORATIO GATES AND BENEDICT ARNOLD
• ONEIDA INDIANS FOUGHT FOR AMERICANS REST OF
  IROQUOIS FOUGHT FOR BRITAIN
• BURGOYNE AND THOUSANDS OF BRITISH TROOPS
  (INCLUDING HESSIANS) SURRENDERED, OCTOBER 17,
  1777

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RIGHT, GENTLEMAN JOHNNY BURGOYNE BY JOSHUA
REYNOLDS
HORATIO GATES, BY GILBERT STUART
LEFT, THE SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE BY JOHN TRUMBULL,
A MINOR BUT PROLIFIC AMERCAN PAINTER
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• SARATOGA IS THE TURNING POINT BECAUSE IT
  PERSUADED FRANCE (AND SPAIN AMERICANS COULD WIN.
  FRANCE SENT AND ENTERED THE WAR ON
  AMERICAN SIDE, SPAIN SENT
• BEN FRANKLIN HAD BEEN IN PARIS SINCE 1776 AS
  AMBASSADOR , TRYING TO PERSUADE FRANCE TO BACK
  AMERICAN COULDNT GET MEETING WITH LOUIS XVI
  BUT HE WAS VERY POPULAR IN PARIS AS A NATURAL
  MAN AND SCIENTIST
• AFTER SARATOGA, LOUIS SUMMONED FRANKLIN TO
  VERSAILLES AND THE REST IS HISTORY -- GREAT
  FOR U.S., DISASTROUS FOR LOUIS!

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THE ENLIGHTENED NATURAL MAN IN PARIS
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IF Y0U DIDNT READ THIS WHEN YOU WERE A LITTLE
KID, YOU MISSED OUT! READ IT NOW!
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Franco-American Alliance

• Rochambeau

• Lafayette

  Comte de Vergennes
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Franco-American Treaty of 1778

• Permanent, defensive alliance
• France agreed to fight until U.S. Independence
  achieved
• NO Separate negotiations WITH BRITAIN

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WHY WE NEEDED FRANCE WE HAD NO REAL NAVYBUT
WE HAD NAVY FLAGS!

• Hoisted at the main mast by Continental Navy
  Commander in Chief Esek Hopkins (3 December 1775)

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• BUMPS IN THE ROAD -- POLITICS
• CONWAY CABAL, 1777-78 - AMERICAN GENERALS
  DISSATISFIED WITH WASHINGTONS COMMAND TRIED TO
  GET HIM REPLACED BY HORATIO GATES -- DIDNT WORK
  WASHINGTON TOO POPULAR W/ FRIENDS IN CONGRESS
• BENEDICT ARNOLDS ATTEMPT TO TURN WEST POINT
  OVER TO BRITISH, 1780 HE WAS PASSED OVER FOR
  PROMOTIONS, CONGRESS TRIED TO SHAKE HIM DOWN FOR
  

IT WORKED OUT OK FOR ARNOLD, NOT OK FOR MAJOR
ANDRé (HE WAS HUNG)
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NorthernTheatreWHO WAS WINNING?
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Southern Theatre
WHO WAS WINNING?
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Guerilla Warfare in the Carolinas

• Francis Marion
• thomas Sumter
• Andrew Pickens

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• THE END YORKTOWN , OCTOBER 19, 1781 A LUCKY
  BREAK
• IT HAD BEEN TOUCH AND GO IN THE SOUTHERN
  THEATER
• EX. SPRING 1781 COWPENS AMERICANS, GUILFORD
  COURTHOUSE BRITISH
• BUT CORNWALLIS (NOW C-IN-C) HEADED TOWARD COAST
  AND LET HIMSELF GET TRAPPED ON YORKTOWN CAPE
• WASHINGTON AND ROCHAMBEAU MARCH THEIR ARMIES
  FROM NY TO VIRGINIA

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• ABOUT 20,000 COMBINED AMERICAN/ FRENCH TROOPS
  HAD ABOUT 9,000 BRITISH TROOPS TRAPPED ON THE
  CAPE
• IF BRITISH NAVY HAD ARRIVED FIRST, CORNWALLIS
  AND HIS MEN WOULD HAVE ESCAPED TO CONTINUE
  FIGHTING

• FRENCH FLEET UNDER DE GRASSE GOT THERE FIRST ?
  CORNWALLIS HAD TO SURRENDER

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The surrender of cornwallis by trumbull, of course
THE WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN
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Treaty of Paris, 1783

• American Delegation
• Benjamin Franklin
• John Adams
• John Jay
• Henry Laurens

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terms of Treaty of Paris, 1783

• British Recognition of United States
• U.S. Granted Territory East of Mississippi
• Loyalist Property to be Returned
• Pre-War Colonial Debts to be Paid
• US Fishing Rights off Grand Banks
• Florida Returned to Spain by Separate Treaty

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• COSTS OF WAR
• CASUALTIES 50,000 , INC. 25,000 DEATHS (MIL.
  CIV. COMBINED)
• WAR DEBT
• FEDERAL - 37 MILLION
• STATES -- 114 MILLION
• AND THERE OUR TROUBLES BEGIN . . .