Immigration

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Immigration Urbanization

• Section 1 Renewed Immigration

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The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus

• Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled
  masses yearning to breathe free
• Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor-Gift from
  France (1884)
• Ultimate symbol of freedom for new immigrants

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Through the Golden Door

• Millions of immigrants entered into the U.S. in
  the late 19th and early 20th centuries, lured by
  the promise of a better life

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Europeans

• Old Immigration
• 1840s 1890s
• Most from Western Northern Europe
• Ireland
• England
• Germany
• Scandinavia

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Europeans

• New Immigration
• Mainly 1890 1910
• Most from Southern Eastern Europe
• Italy
• Austria-Hungary
• Poland
• Russia

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• Why did so many Europeans leave their homelands?

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• Immigrants sought to escape difficult conditions
• Famine
• Ireland-Irish Potato Famine (1845-52)
• Land shortages
• Religious/political persecution
• Birds of Passage
• People who intended to stay temporarily to earn
  money before returning to their homelands

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• Russian Jews
• Left to escape religious persecution following
  Russian Revolution of 1917
• Pogroms
• Organized attacks often encouraged by local
  authorities

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• Population
• Between 1800-1900, Europes population doubled to
  400 million
• Increase caused a scarcity of farm land
• Farmers competed with laborers for few industrial
  jobs

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Chinese Japanese

• Many Asians came to the West Coast between
  18511883
• Came to seek mining fortunes in gold (1849-50
  Gold Rush)
• Helped build American railroads
• Transcontinental railroad
• After the railroads, many turned to farming,
  mining, domestic service (laundry)

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West Indies Mexico

• Immigrants from the islands of Jamaica, Cuba,
  Puerto Rico came to the U.S. due to a scarcity
  of jobs
• 1902, Congress passes the National Reclamation
  Act
• Encouraged the irrigation of arid land to create
  new farmland
• Reclamation Act drew Mexican farm workers
  northward into the Southwestern U.S.

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A Difficult Journey

• Immigrants came to the U.S. by steamship
• European immigrants trip across the Atlantic for
  about 1 week
• Asian immigrants trip across the Pacific took
  about 3 weeks

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• Many traveled in ships cargo holds
• Conditions on board
• Often crowded
• Gloomy, moist
• Rarely allowed on deck for fresh air
• Unable to exercise
• Lice/rodent infested
• Shared toilets
• Diseases spread quickly

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Ellis Island

• Immigration station in New York Harbor
• Detained about 2 days for inspection
• Physical examination
• Serious/contagious diseases sent home
• Legal requirements
• Documents criminal background
• Prove their worth
• Ability to work
• At least 25

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Angel Island

• Immigration station in San Francisco
• Asians experienced harsher treatment
• Detained for weeks
• Held in filthy buildings
• Dorms were usually packed with three tiered bunks
• Waited for immigration inspectors to admit/reject
  them

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Cooperation for Survival

• Once in the U.S., many immigrants faced many
  challenges
• Place to live
• Work
• Language
• Culture
• Religion, Customs

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Cooperation for Survival

• Ethnic communities started to develop
• Chinatown, Little Italy, Jewish Quarter
• Immigrants pooled their money
• Built churches or synagogues
• Formed social clubs mutual aid societies
• Published newspapers in native languages

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Cooperation for Survival

• As immigrants tried to adapt, they came to think
  of themselves as hyphenated Americans
• Polish-Americans
• Italian-Americans
• Chinese-Americans
• Caused native-born Americans to see immigrants a
  threat to the American way of life

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Immigration Restrictions

• As waves of immigrants increased, feelings of
  nativism grew
• Nativism
• Preference for native-born people a desire to
  limit immigration
• Focused on ethnic background and also religious
  affiliation
• Targeted Catholics, Jews
• Felt they would undermine the Protestant
  foundation of the U.S.

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Immigration Restrictions

• Nativists organized, forming two major
  anti-immigrant groups
• American Protective Association (1887)
• Founder Henry Bowers
• Northeast Midwest
• Aim Hault Catholic immigration
• Workingmans Party of California (1870s)
• Founder Denis Kearney
• The West
• Aim Stop Chinese immigration

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Immigration Restrictions

• Congress acted to pass anti-immigration
  legislation
• Banned convicts, paupers, mentally disabled
• Placed a .50 head tax on each newcomer
• Also passed the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
• First legislation to ban a specific group
• Banned entry to most Chinese with certain
  exceptions teachers, students, merchants,
  tourist, government officials

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Gentlemens Agreement

• Anti-Chinese sentiment was transferred to the
  Japanese
• San Franciscos Board of Education began
  segregating Japanese children
• Japan protested the decision President Teddy
  Roosevelt negotiated a deal with Japan
• Gentlemans Agreement (1907)
• Japan agreed to end immigration to the
  continental U.S. as long as the U.S. agreed to
  allow the wives, parents, children of residents
  to enter and also to repeal school segregation

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Section 2Challenges of Urbanization
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Urban Opportunities

• Urbanization
• Rapid growth of cities mostly in the regions of
  the Northeast Midwest
• Rural to urban movement
• Increase services problems
• Housing
• Transportation
• Water
• Sanitation
• Crime
• Fire

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Immigrants Settle in Cities

• Why did people move to the cities?
• Cities offered a cheap convenient place to live
• Lived close to work
• Cities offered unskilled workers steady jobs in
  mills and factories

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Immigrants Settle in Cities

• Americanization movement
• Designed to assimilate people in American culture
• Schools provided programs to teach immigrants
  skills needed for citizenship
• English literacy
• American history government
• Social etiquette were also part of the curriculum
  
• Cooking, manners

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Migration from Country to City

• Rapid improvements in farming was one reason
  city populations grew
• Invention of McCormick reaper steel plow made
  farming more efficient
• Fewer farm laborers were needed to work the land
• Farmers could put more land under cultivation

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Migration from Country to City

• African-Americans moved North West
• Moved to Chicago Detroit to escape
• Racial violence
• Economic hardship
• Political oppression
• segregation

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Urban Problems

• Ghettos-sections of a city occupied by minority
  groups (aka immigrants) who live there due to
  social, economic, and legal pressure
• Housing-working class families in cities had two
  housing options
• Buy a house on the outskirts of town face
  transportation problems
• Rent cramped rooms in a boardinghouse in the
  central city

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Urban Problems

• Housing
• As population increased, new types of houses were
  designed
• Row houses
• Single family dwellings that shared side walls
  with other similar houses
• Tenements
• Single family dwellings that multiple families
  occupied
• Low rent apts. Which met minimum standards
• Problems with sanitation, plumbing, ventilation

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Urban Problems

• Transportation
• Mass transit
• System of transportation designed to move large
  numbers of people along fixed routes
• Subways, Streetcars,
• Busses
• Allowed workers to live in outlying communities
  to commute to work

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Urban Problems

• Water
• Supplying safe drinking water was a problem for
  most cities
• As populations grew, many residents had no water
• People had to collect water in pails from faucets
  located on the street
• Disease presented a greater problem
• Cholera and typhoid fever
• Two ways to make drinking water safer
• Filtration, Chlorination

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Urban Problems

• Sanitation
• As cities grew, the challenge of keeping them
  clean increased
• Horse manure piled up in streets
• Sewage flowed through city streets
• Smoke from factories spewed into the air
• Garbage piled up on the streets
• To combat sanitation cities hired sanitation
  workers to collect garbage and clean outhouses

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Urban Problems

• Crime
• Pickpockets and thieves
• Preyed on immigrants
• New York City became the first major metropolitan
  area to hire a full-time salaried police force
• The units were usually too small to have an impact

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Urban Problems

• Fire
• Why was fire such a problem?
• Limited supply of a water
• Buildings made from wood
• Used kerosene or candles
• Volunteer firefighters were not always available
• To combat the fire threat
• Cincinnati, Ohio established the nations first
  paid fire department
• Change in building codes
• Sprinkler systems
• Used brick, stone or concrete as a building
  material

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Settlement House Movement

• Social Gospel Movement
• Preached salvation through service to the poor
• Established settlement houses
• Community centers in slum neighborhoods that
  provided assistance to immigrants
• Sent nurses to homes of sick
• Provided classes in English, health, painting
• Jane Addams
• Established Hull House in Chicago