Classical India

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Classical India

• Chapter 3
• AP World History

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Timeline
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Key Events- Ancient India

• Early River Valley Civilization Approx. 5000BCE
• River tributaries are fed by seasonal monsoon
  rains
• Like the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers, the
  flooding Indus River brought rich soil for
  agriculture.
• By 3000BCE
• Irrigation key technology
• Cultural Hearth develops
• Rise of cities civilizations
• Indus/Harappan 2800-1800BCE
• Mohenjo-Daro
• Mauryan BCE Gupta Empires CE
• Origin of major religions, Hinduism,
• Buddhism, Jainism

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Mohenjo-DaroUp to 100k!
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Political State Building , Expansion,
Conflict

• structures forms of governance
• Type of system
• Indus/Harappan (Approx. 2800-1800 B.C.E.) Little
  is known, but city construction points to
  well-organized government.
• Aryans (1500-500 B.C.E.) Warriors, Politically,
  fragmented, separate kinship groups, independent
  groups, fought native Dravidians, Had a Chief
  called Raja military/religious structure.

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P State Building , Expansion, Conflict cont.

• Mauryan (322-185 B.C.E.) Chandragupta Maurya
  united most of India because of Alexander the
  Greats invasion. He was a monarch who ruled with
  help of a large imperial army, grandfather of
  Ashoka who conquered more and turned to Buddhism.
  Had a centralized government
• Gupta Empire (320-480 C.E.) Samudraguptra (ruled
  335-375) and his son Chandragupta II (375-415)
  Monarchy, but less centralized, smaller regional
  government than Mauryan.

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The Indus/Harappan Civilization
2800 BCE - 1800 BCE
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Aryan Migration

• pastoral ? depended on their cattle.
• warriors ? horse-drawn chariots.

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The Mauryan Empire
321 BCE 185 BCE
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Asokas Empire
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Gupta Empire 320-480 C.E.
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Creation, expansion, and interaction of
Economic systems

• Agricultural pastoral production
• Indus/Harappan Advanced system of wheat, rye,
  peas, (rice?)
• Cotton was cultivated, domesticated animals
  chickens, cattle, goats, sheep
• Aryans Invading Greeks wrote, good pastures
  fruits.
• Mauryan Large state farms, granaries
• Gupta Empire Cash Crops sugar, cotton, pepper,
  cinnamon
• Trade Commerce
• Indus/Harappan The agricultural success allowed
  cities like Mohenjo-Daro Harappa to develop
  into major trading centers, (Small carts)
• Contacts in Mesopotamia, China, S.E. Asia, S.
  India, Afghanistan!
• Port of Lothal, important, 700 foot dock!
• Aryans Great trade city of Taxila (As described
  by the Greeks)
• Mauryan Large state farms, granaries, shipyards,
  and spinning and weaving factories.
• Gupta Empire Busy trade route between Middle
  East China came under the protection of the
  Gupta Empire.

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Creation, expansion, and interaction of
Economic systems cont

• Labor system
• Indus/Harappan Judging by the size of the
  cities, jobs were extensive, but craftsman seemed
  inferior to those in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• Aryans Non-Aryans worked similar to slaves, plus
  there were slaves too.
• Industrialization
• Indus/Harappan Casted tools, weapons in bronze,
  but lacked swords, stone for arrowheads, tips of
  swords were too tin to be effective
• Aryans Great trade city of Taxila
• Mauryan Capital city of Pataliputra, 22 miles
  of wooden walls, 570 towers, 64 gates

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Development Interaction of Cultures

• Religions Founder, Sacred text, Key beliefs,
  Sacred Place, Sacred structure, Universal or
  ethnic, Diffusion/ spread, why?
• Indus/Harappan Polytheism, Priests (ruling
  class) meditation btwn people dods. Little
  known about gods, but one of the gods is depicted
  on seals naked with a horned head, in a posturing
  position (yoga) a mother goddess also
• Aryans (Vedic and Epic ages) brought to India
  distinctive religious ideas of early Brahman,
  which became Hinduism/Buddhism/Jainism
• Mauryan Buddhism became the main religion in
  India temporarily when Ashoka was king.
  Missionaries sent to other countries.
• Gupta Brought back Hinduism as the countrys
  religion bought tolerated all faiths.
• Belief systems, Philosophies, ideologies-
  Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism (Comparison)
• Science Key Technologies- Indus/Harappan
  sophisticated sewage system with canals,

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Development Interaction of Cultures cont

• Science Key Technologies- Indus/Harappan
  sophisticated sewage system with canals, house
  plumbing
• Aryans Fast 2-wheeled chariots, bronze swords
  spears, later iron too defeat enemies,
• Mauryan Ashokas building of roads, with trees,
  and watering holes/wells for humans and animals
  alike.
• Gupta- Arabic numerals were actually from India
  place-value notation based on 10 system
  (Eurasia)
• Architecture/Buildings- Indus/Harappan 34 foot
  wide streets! Huge Baths, well organized cities
  Fortified granaries, bricks throughout region
  4x2x1.
• Mauryan Pillar Edicts w/ 3 Lions (Now the
  national symbol of India), 84, 000 stupas, huge
  rock edicts (billboards) along roads/trade routes
• Art -Indus/Harappan Little art except for
  carved figurines of people animals (fertility)
• Aryans Mostly Religious items
• Mauryan Pillar Edicts Lions- 1st examples of
  Indian Art to survive since Indus Civilization.
• Gupta- Kings were patrons of the arts, Sanskrit
  preserved, Famous Poet Kalidasa (380-459), Wrote
  poems in verse, best works Shakuntala and The
  Cloud Messenger.

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The Vedas

• 1200 BCE-600 BCE.
• written in SANSKRIT.
• Hindu core of beliefs
• hymns and poems.
• religious prayers.
• magical spells.
• lists of the gods and goddesses.

Rig Veda ? oldest work
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(No Transcript)
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Theravada Buddhism
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Religion in India Today
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Development transformation of social
structures Culture

• Gender Roles and relations (Womens roles, status
  of Elite, non elites)
• Dravidian Appeared to have a Matrilineal society
• Aryans A lot to do with social status, (early
  tribes shared leadership), seemed to have been
  treated favorably than later Indian society. When
  line of succession started to go throw the male
  line, women began losing their status.
• Mauryan Government controlled prostitution
• Family kinship (Clans) Racial Ethic
  constructions/Ethnic classes
• Later Code of Manu Hindu Caste system
• Social Economics classes
• Indus/Harappan Evidence points to the existence
  of social classes (Houses different sizes,
  stories, larger had brick ovens, courtyard a
  well)
• A priestly class ruled cities,

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Development transformation of social
structures Culture cont..

• Social Economics classes
• Aryans 1st came 1) Raja, 2) Priest, 3) warrior
  nobility, 4) common tribesman, then 5) non-aryans
  worked like slaves
• 2nd came the (Caste system, hereditary,
  unchangeable) Varna (color) describes classes
  (See diagram) Jati further division in groups
• Purpose to enforce rules about social behavior.
• Mauryan Under Buddhism, caste system wavered,
  King and some officials, but after Mauryan
  failed- Code of Manu laid down Family Caste
  system (150 CE)
• Gupta Caste System returned with Hinduism Code
  of Manu

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Varna (Social Hierarchy)

• Highest- Priests
• Scholars________________
• Purushas
• Thighs, land-
• Owners, _______
• Merchants,
• Artisains
• Feet,
• Peasants,_____
• Laborers

• Purushas arms-Warriors govt officials

Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Pariahs Harijan ? Untouchables
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Development transformation of social
structures Culture

• Communication
• Language Indus??, Native Dravidian Aryans
  spoke an early version of Sanskrit
• Writing system
• Indus/Harappan (400 symbols) Writing still
  Undecipherable!
• Aryans Sanskrit writing, (Rigveda) earliest
  Indian Literature, consisted of epics and
  religious texts.
• Some Arabic writing came into India via Persian
  invasion 513 BCE.
• Mauryan Ashokas Rock Pillar Edicts

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Harappan Writing
Undecipherable to date.
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Sanskrit writing
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Interactions between Humans and
environment

• Population Change (Demography) Huge population
  increase over the Aryan, Mauryan, Gupta
  civilizations.
• Diseases- None noted, but possibly, something
  brought down the Indus/Harappan.
• Migrations
• Indus/Harappan Came from? Went?
• Aryans Came from north of the Black Sea area
  around 1000BCE, by 500BCE they were Deccan
  Plateau at first were herders, farmers, warriors,
  priests
• Mauryan This empire came about because of the
  Alexander the Greats invasion/migration, and
  setting up a country in Bactria, Chandragupta
  defeated Seleucus one Alexanders Lieutenants!
• Gupta Empire- started to fail because of the
  migration of central Asian nomads called the
  (White) Huns (starting about 450 C.E.) into the
  area.
• Settlement patterns Native Dravidians
• Technology (impact on environment) Irrigation,
  building of cities and roads. Smelting of metals
  etc..

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Continuity Change-over-Time- (C.C.O.T)

• Continuities
• Early Cultural Hearth
• Irrigation based advanced, settled urban cultures
• Conflict between settled and nomadic cultures
• Aryan and later slavery similar to Egypt, but
  could become free

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Comparisons and Analysis-

• Changes
• Increased of people living in settled,
  agricultural, cultures
• Increased population in advanced, urban cultures
• Migrations of Aryans,
• Diffusion of universalizing ethnic religions
• Decline in status of women, increased patriarchy
  in agricultural based societies
• Increased local and later regional trade routes
• Guptas protection of Middle East/China Trade
  routes
• Indian Ocean Trade
• Rise and fall of empires

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Comparison Essay

• Compare the social and family structures of India
  and China in the classical period. What are the
  main differences? The main similarities?
• A comparison of classical China and India exposes
  the cultural variety of the era.
• Political - Both societies had radically
  different organizing forces
• In India, it was the caste system
• India's more varied and diverse political
  experience.
• In China it was Confucianism-influenced political
  structures
• China's greater emphasis on political structures

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Comparison Essay

• Religion and Culture
• Hinduism produced a sensual, otherworldly(ghostly,
  eerie), monolithic (colossal) religious
  atmosphere in India
• While the more secular Confucianism and Daoism
  competed for the attention in China
• Economy- Though each had an agriculturally-based
  economy
• Merchants were valued in India
• Merchants were looked down on in China

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Comparison Essay

• Science and Mathematics
• Indians were more theoretical
• China emphasized practical findings
• The greatest similarity between the two
• Culture- The civilizations were similar in their
  extensive inequality and patriarchy
• Both cultures had the dominance of men.
• Differences existed in the tone of patriarchal
  culture
• In India showed more emphasis on beauty,
  cleverness, and sexuality in women,
• While China displayed a more stereotypical (an
  oversimplified standardized image of a person or
  group)emphasis on female deference (polite
  respect, especially putting another person's
  interests first).