Title: Cells notes honors bio
1Cells notes honors bio
- What is a cell?
- Two types of cells Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
- Organelles and their functions
- The Exception Viruses
- Transfer of materials
2What is a Cell?
- Latin for small room
- Cell theory
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things - New cells only come from existing cells.
3History
- 1665 Robert Hooke
- build basic microscope
- looked at cork
- dubbed the structures cells Latin for small
room - 1674 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek saw living cells by
observing organisms in pond water.
4How big are cells?
- http//www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
- Activity putting items in order
- http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale
/
5 Eukaryotic cellsPlants, animals, protists,
fungi
- Subdivided by internal membranes into different
compartments and organelles - DNA is enclosed by a membrane-bound nucleus
- DNA organized into chromosomes
- Plant cells have a tough cell wall, animal cells
do not.
6Prokaryotic cells bacteria
- Smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Lack organelles
- Lack a nucleus - DNA is not separated from the
cytoplasm - One circular chromosome
- Tough external walls
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8Cell Membrane
- Separates inside of cell from surroundings
- Controls the passage of substances into and out
of the cell - lipid bilayer made of 2 layers of fats
(lipids), with proteins embedded in it. - selectively-permeable some types of
substances (like water) can go through it.
Fat layer
Protein
Fat layer
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11- Head region of the lipid are polar molecules so
they are attracted to water hydrophilic - Tails region of the lipid are nonpolar they repel
water. hydrophobic - These molecular properties form the separation of
inside and outside the cell.
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13Cell Wall
- In plants, algae, fungi, and prokaryotes (not
animals) - Protects cell and is stiff to support the cell
(plants dont need bones their cells are stiff) - Plant cell walls are made of cellulose a
non-living material. Plant dies wood (cell
wall) remains.
14Nucleus
- Contains DNA which is spread around as chromatin.
During reproduction it is wound into chromosomes.
- Contains the nucleolus which are involved in
making proteins. - Nuclear membrane separates the chromosomes and
nucleolus from the cytoplasm and the rest of the
cell contains pores
Nuclear membrane
http//tbn1.google.com/images?qtbnzvRxwZkGHE07fM
http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thu
mb/5/52/300px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus_no_text.p
ng
15Cytoplasm
- The material filling the cell inside the cell
membrane. It is made mostly of water. Also
contains proteins, enzymes, dissolved salts,
sugars
16Cytoskeleton
- A system of tubes inside the cell that helps
support it.
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18Ribosomes
- Protein factories
- assemble proteins for the cell
Growing protein
- Ribosome
- attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
One Ribosome close up
19Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER holds ribosomes where proteins are
assembled - Smooth ER has no ribosomes and is a place where
lipids/cell membrane is made.
http//cache.eb.com/eb/image?id63513rendTypeId4
20Golgi Apparatus
- Made of a stack of membranes
- It attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins
- Proteins go from ER to Golgi apparatus to final
destination
21Vesicles transport proteins and lipids around
the cell.
- Lysosomes Contain enzymes to break down
materials in the cell - Peroxisomes break down fatty acids, amino acids,
and alcohol
22Vacuole
- storage bin
- Surrounded by a membrane vacuoles store
liquid/food/waste for the cell - Plants often have one large vacuole
http//tbn1.google.com/images?qtbnj7oRXNj5R7IArM
http//sun.menloschool.org/cweaver/cells/c/vacuo
le/plantcell.gif
23Chloroplasts
- In plant cells (not animals)
- Where photosynthesis happens
- Filled with green chlorophyll
24Mitochondria
- Powerhouses of the cell
- Where cell respiration happens
- Break down glucose to release energy
http//tbn1.google.com/images?qtbnzvRxwZkGHE07fM
http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thu
mb/5/52/300px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus_no_text.p
ng
25Multicellular organisms have specialized cells
26Multicellular versus unicellular
- Unicellular organisms are made of a cell that can
perform all functions necessary for survival - Multicellular organism have specialized cells
that work together for survival
27Bacteria
- http//www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bac
teria_communicate.html Bonnie Bassler How
bacteria "talk (18 minutes)
28Not cells Viruses
- Protein shell with nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
inside - Cant reproduce by themselves
- Reproduce only in a living cell, damaging cells
Viruses infecting humans include polio,
Influenza, herpes, smallpox, chickenpox,
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing
AIDS.
29Virus reproduction
- Injects viral genetic material into living cell.
- Takes over cell to make copies of itself
- Copies burst out of cell.
- Animation http//www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/bio
text/animations/lyticcycle.html
30http//www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26835233
Why Ebola is so dangerous video 1 minute shows
virus attaching cell
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vaM3vhZrNa7E virus
infection in a cell 313
31Fighting Infection
- http//videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/29
783-100-greatest-discoveries-penicillin-video.htm
discovery of antibiotics - 30 sec video about vaccines and antibodies
http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/
21c/keeping_healthy/antibiotics_drug_testingrev1.s
html - Specific Immunity, Antibodies https//www.youtube.
com/watch?vYs_V6FcYD5I
321. What is an antibiotic? 2. What is a antibody?
3. What is a vaccine?
- Describe the difference between antibiotics and a
vaccine.
33Antibiotic resistant bacteria
- https//www.youtube.com/watch?vycv3bZuZZjA
Evolutionary arms race, TB in Russian prisons
http//www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/antimicrobialResis
tance/Understanding/Pages/mutation.aspx
34size
- Eukaryotic cells small
- Prokaryotic (bacteria) cells smaller
- Viruses smallest
35Origin of life / Ancient Earth
- Formation of the Earth cosmic dust collected for
100 million years. - Liquid Earth, dense materials sank to center
(iron core) - Solid crust formed, gases formed atmosphere
- Early atmosphere different composition then
today - hydrogen cyanide, CO2, CO, Nitrogen, Hydrogen
sulfide and water.
36timeline
- 4 billion years ago Earths crust formed
- 3.8 billion years ago surface cold enough for
water to remain liquid. Oceans formed - Ocean water brown of lots of iron. Little
Oxygen in atmosphere - 3.5 billion years ago Single celled organisms
- 2.3 billion years ago photosynthetic bacteria in
oceans started adding lots of oxygen to
atmosphere - 2 billion years ago eukaryotic cells
- 1 billion years ago multicellular organisms
developed
37Miller and Ureys Experiment 1950s
- Non-living molecules like water and methane
forming organic molecules - Amino acids were formed when electricity was
passed through inorganic molecules that would
have been found in Earths early atmosphere.
38Mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Have different DNA then the nucleus of the cell
they are in. - Smaller prokaryotic organisms (became
mitochondria) started living in larger
prokaryotic organisms (became eukaryotic animal
cells. - Smaller prokaryotic organisms (became
chloroplasts) started living in larger
prokaryotic organisms (became eukaryotic plant
cells).
39The evolution of the cell
- http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/organ
elles/ - 1. What is the Endosymbiotic theory? The theory
is that Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once
primitive bacteria cells which inserted
themselves in a larger primitive cell and then
developed a symbiotic relationship to become an
integral part of the cells processes.
40The evolution of the cell
- 2. List the pieces of evidence that support the
theory. - Mitochondria and chloroplasts have
- their own DNA which is separate from the DNA
found in a eukaryotic cells nucleus - They have a double membrane like a cell
- reproduce like bacteria replicating their own DNA
and directing their own division
41The evolution of the cell
- 3. What is the difference between mitochondrial
DNA and nuclear DNA? Why is mitochondrial DNA
more useful for inheritance studies? - Mitochondrial DNA is a copy of the mothers
mitochondrial DNA not a combination of 2 parents. - Mitochondiral DNA is passed directly from mother
to child so it does not accumulate changes as
fast as nuclear DNA.
42organisms became complex because
- Eukaryotic cells started reproducing sexually
- sexually (mix of parental DNA)
- asexually (exact copies)
- Cells started coordinating to form multi-cellular
organisms.
43Protists lab
- Kingdom Protista the protists
- video segment 7 minutes united streaming
- http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0-6dzU4gOJo 3
minutes dramatic trailer style introduction to
protists great microscopy