The Road to War

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The Road to War

• United States Civil War

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SECTIONALISM
Caused by economical differences between the two
regions

• NORTH
• Industrial
• Paid labor for workers

• SOUTH
• Agricultural
• Free labor (slaves) did the work

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Composition of U.S. Before 1860

• Free Slave Territories

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Right to be free

• Greatest problem of slavery violation of every
  human being's unalienable right to be free

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Compromise of 1820
Also known as the
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Proposed by
Henry Clay
Why was it needed?
Keep balance of slave free states equal in the Senate
What did it do?
Missouri enters as a slave state
Maine enters as a free state
Southern boundary of Missouri becomes dividing line between slave/free
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The Issue of States Rights

• Southerners all lands acquired from Mexico open
  to slave holders
• Northerners demanded all new regions be closed
  to slavery

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Thenin California

• January 1848 gold discovered
• Congress had to make a decision quickly

WHY ??
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Because

• California wanted to join Union as free state
  BUT was split in half by Missouri Compromise
  Line
• (oops!!!!)
• SoHenry Clay youre up!!!

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Compromise of 1850
Proposed by
Henry Clay
Why was it needed?
California wanted to join as a free state Was split in half by Missouri Compromise Line
What did it do?
CA enters as a free state
Washington, DC bans slave trading but not slavery
Strong Fugitive Slave Laws are passed
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CALMING or NOT ???

• For 3 years, the compromise settled most
  differences
• but
• The new Fugitive Slave Law deeply offended
  Northerners

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• Northerners continued to help fugitives escape,
  and made the Underground Railroad more efficient
  and more daring than it had been before.

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Kansas-Nebraska Problem!

• Slave-holders in Missouri objected to Kansas
  becoming a free territory because they would have
  3 free-soil neighbors (Illinois, Iowa and Kansas)
• They feared their state would be forced to become
  a free state as well

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Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Proposed by
Stephen A. Douglas
Why was it needed?
Kansas and Nebraska territories use popular sovereignty to decide if free or slave
What did it do?
Bleeding Kansas slave holders vs free soilers got into armed conflicts
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Bleeding Kansas

• Both southern slave holders and antislavery
  families move in armed conflict results in lots
  of blood shed. Kansas became known as Bleeding
  Kansas.

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Slave or Freed Man ??

• Dred Scott
• Missouri slave
• Master moved to Illinois and the Wisconsin
  Territory (where slavery banned)
• Master returned to Missouri
• Scott sued for freedom

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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Decided by
Chief Justice Roger Taney
What was the argument?
Should Dred Scott be free or not?
What was the decision?
Slaves were property, not citizens not automatically free on free land
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Effects of Dred Scott Decision

• angered North
• Southern --great victory--it gave judicial
  voice to their justification of slavery

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858

• Debates between Illinois congressional
  candidates
• Stephen A. Douglas vs. Lincoln (new Republican
  Party)
• Douglas won the election
• Lincoln gained national attention for his
  views on slavery

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• Abraham Lincoln regarded slavery as
• a Necessary EVIL
• Speech in Peoria, Illinois, in 1858declared--
• all national legislation should be framed on the
  principle that slavery was to be restricted. It
  should NOT spread into the new western
  territories!

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Tensions Grow!!!!

• Southerners are feeling threatened !!
• Then
• John Brown
• Was he Saint or Satan?

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John Browns Raid (1860)
Led by
John Brown (white abolitionist)
What was the purpose?
Raided federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA in hopes of starting rebellion against slave owners
What were the effects?
Brown was defeated and hanged hated by Northerners and Southerners
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1860 Presidential Election

• Republican Abraham Lincoln
• Northern Democrat Stephen A. Douglas
• Southern Democrat John Breckenridge
• Constitutional Union Democrat John Bell

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Presidential Election of 1860
Who won?
Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
What happened?
South Carolina seceded
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Why Secession?

• The election of Abe Lincoln as the 1st Republican
  President increased the Souths fear that Lincoln
  would abolish slavery in South

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South Carolina secedes

• Lincolns election led to South Carolinas
  decision was to be the 1st southern state to
  secede from the Union
• Lincolns election caused the start of the CIVIL
  WAR

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Secession of South Carolina
Justification
States rights
Reaction
Lincoln refuses to recognize secession
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Southern justification for slavery

• States Rights
• The belief that since the constitution reserved
  certain powers for the states which superseded
  federal powers, a state could secede from the
  Union if they were not allowed to nullify a
  federal law!

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Secession Legally Void

• Abraham Lincoln sworn in.
• In his inaugural address, he refused to recognize
  the secession, considering it "legally void."

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Jefferson Davis says

• As a necessity, not a choice, we have resorted
  to the remedy of separation, and henceforth our
  energies must be directed to the conduct of our
  own affairsIf this be denied to uswe will be
  forced to appeal to arms!

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Fort Sumter, South Carolina

• 1st shots of
• Civil War fired
• here

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WAR!

• The battle began in April of 1861 when the
  Confederate Army took over Fort Sumter in
  Charleston, South Carolina.  

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Fort Sumter, South Carolina
What happened?
South wanted to test Lincolns vow to hold on to federal property
Consequences
Civil War begins
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Fort Sumter
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After
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TODAY
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Civil War, Death and Destruction

• A war had begun in which more Americans would die
  than in any other conflict before or since.